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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g̑ā̆r- 'to call, cry'

Semantic Fields: to Call, Summon; to Cry, Weep

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	fo-gur	n	sound	GED
	for-con-gur	n	command	GED
	gāir/gairm	n	shout	GED
Gaelic:	sluagh-ghairm	n.masc	army cry	W7
Welsh:	gawr	n	shouting	GED
English
Old English:	cear	adj	anxious, sorrowful	LRC
	ceari(g)/ceareg	adj	chary, worried, sorrowful	GED/ASD
	ceari(g)an/carian	vb.wk	to care, mourn	GED/ASD
	cearm/cyrm	n.masc	charm, shout, noise	GED
	cearo/c(e)aru	n.fem	care, grief, sorrow	ASD
Middle English:	care	n	care	W7
	charme	n	charm	W7
	chary	adj	chary	W7
English:	care	n	grief, suffering in mind	AHD/W7
	charm	n	chanting/reciting of magic spell	GED
	chary	adj	dear, treasured	AHD/W7
	garrulous	adj	talkative, chattering	AHD/W7
	slogan	n	war cry/gathering word	AHD/W7
	slogorn	n	war cry/gathering word	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	kara	n.fem	care, sorrow, mourning	GED
	karōn	vb.wk	to care, mourn	GED
	mōd-karag	adj	sad	GED
Old High German:	chara	n.str.fem	care, mourning	GED
	charag	adj	sad, chary	GED
	charōn	vb.wk	to care, mourn	GED
	kara	n	care, lament	W7
Middle High German:	kar	n.fem	care, sorrow	ASD
German:	karg	adj	stingy	GED
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	kārna	vb	to be in despair	GED
	kǫr	n.fem	sickbed	GED
Norwegian:	karra	vb	to cackle	GED
Swedish:	kära	adj	chary	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*ga-karon	vb.wk.II	to care for	GED
	kara	n.fem	care	GED
	*karon	vb.wk.II	to care, be concerned	GED
	un-karja	adj	careless, without attention	GED
Italic
Latin:	garrio, garrīre	vb	to chatter	W7
	garriō	vb	to prattle	GED
	garrulus	adj	bird that chatters	W7
Hellenic
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon:	γαρριώμεθα	vb	to rail at	GED
Greek:	γη̃ρυς	n	voice	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	cicaṙn	vb	to swallow	GED
	cicaṙnuk	n	nightingale	GED
Iranian
Ossetic:	zar	n	song	GED
	zarun	vb	to sing	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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