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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. ger- (onomatopoeic: to crow, shriek, etc.)

Semantic Fields: Sound (n); Various Cries

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	garan	n.masc	crane	ASD
Gaelic:	crac	vb	to crack	ASD
	garan	n.masc	crane	ASD
Cornish:	garan	n.fem	crane	ASD
Welsh:	garan	n.fem	crane	RPN/ASD
Gaulish:	garanos	n.masc.pl	cranes	RPN
English
Old English:	ceorcian	vb	to complain	RPN
	ce(o)rian/ceorigan/ciorian	vb	to murmur, grumble	RPN/ASD
	ceorran	vb	to creak	RPN
	cracian	vb	to crack	W7
	cran	n	crane	RPN
	cranoc/cornuc	n	crane	RPN
	crāwan	vb	to crow	W7
	crāwe	n.fem	crow	W7/ASD
Middle English:	crake	n	crake	W7
	crakken	vb	to crack	W7
	cran	n	crane	W7
	crowe	n	crow	W7
	crowen	vb	to crow	W7
	croynen	vb	to croon	W7
	cur	n	cur	W7
	curdogge	n	cur dog	W7
	curren	vb	to growl	W7
	krakenelle	n	cracknel	W7
	pedegru	n	pedigree	W7
English:	crack	vb	to make sharp explosive sound (as if) in breaking	AHD/W7
	cracknel	n	hard brittle biscuit	AHD/W7
	crake	n	rail (kind of bird)	AHD/W7
	cranberry	n	bright red acid berry	AHD/W7
	crane	n	tall wading bird	AHD/W7
	croon	vb	to boom, bellow	AHD/W7
	crow, crew	vb.str/wk	to make loud shrill sound like rooster	W7
	crow	n	glossy black oscine bird	AHD/W7
	cur	n	mongrel/inferior dog	AHD/W7
	geranium	n	plant having flowers without spurs	AHD/W7
	grackle	n	Old World starling	AHD/W7
	pedigree	n	register recording ancestral line	AHD/W7
	Stormcrow	prop.n	epithet for Gandalf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Frisian:	krie	n	crow	ASD
Middle Dutch:	cronen	vb	to croon	W7
Dutch:	korren	vb	to coo (as pigeons)	ASD
	kraai	n.fem	crow	ASD
	kraaijen	vb	to crow	ASD
	kraan	n.fem	crane	ASD
	kraken	vb	to crack	ASD
Old Saxon:	krāia	n.fem	crow	ASD
	krano	n	crane	RPN
Low German:	kraan	n	crane	W7
	kraanbere	n	cranberry	W7
Old High German:	kerren	vb	to murmur, chatter	ASD
	krachjan/krachōn	vb	to crack	ASD
	krāhan/krājan	vb	to crow	ASD
	krano	n	crane	W7
	kranuh	n.masc	crane	RPN/ASD
	krā(w)a	n.fem	crow	W7/ASD
	queran	vb	to creak, murmur	ASD
Middle High German:	kërren/kirren	vb	to murmur, complain	ASD
	krā	n.fem	crow	ASD
	krachen	vb	to crack	ASD
	kræjen	vb	to crow	ASD
	kranech	n.masc	crane	ASD
German:	kerren	vb	to murmur, make a harsh sound	ASD
	krachen	vb	to crack	ASD
	Krähe	n.fem	crow	ASD
	krähen	vb	to crow	ASD
	Kranich	n.masc	crane	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	krāka	n	crow	W7
	krākr	n	raven	W7
	trana	n	crane	KNW
Icelandic:	trana	n.fem	crane	ASD
	trani	n.masc	crane	ASD
Danish:	krage	n	crow	TLL
	trane	n.masc/fem	crane	ASD
Swedish:	kran	n	water tap; crane: machine	SAO/TLL
	kråka	n	crow	TLL
	trana	n.fem	crane: bird	ASD
Italic
Latin:	geranium	n.neut	geranium	W7
	graculus	n.masc	grackle, jackdaw	W7
	grūs	n.masc/fem	crane	RPN
New Latin:	geranium	n.neut	geranium	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	gerwe	n	crane	RPN
Lithuanian:	garnỹs	n	heron	RPN
	gérvė	n	crane	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	žeravь	n	crane	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	geranion	n.neut	geranium	W7
	γέρανος	n.masc/fem	crane	RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	kṙunk	n	crane	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	járate	vb	to call to; crackle (of fire)	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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