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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g(e)u-lo- 'glowing coal'

Semantic Field: Fire (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	gual	n.masc	coal	W7
English
Old English:	cōl	n.neut	coal	KEW/ASD
Middle English:	col(e)	n	coal	W7/ASD
	colier	n	collier	W7
English:	cholla	n	spiny shrubby treelike cactus	AHD
	coal	n	ember, charred wood, glowing carbon	AHD/W7
	collie	n	large (breed of) dog (bred) for sheep herding	AHD/W7
	collier	n	one who produces charcoal	AHD/W7
	colly	vb	to blacken with soot	AHD/W7
Scots English:	coill/coyll	n	coal	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	kole	n	coal	ASD
Frisian:	koal	n	coal	ASD
Dutch:	kool	n	coal	TLL
Old High German:	kol	n.neut	coal	KDW
	kolo	n.masc	coal	ASD
Middle High German:	kol	n.masc	coal	ASD
German:	Kohle	n.fem	coal	LRC
	Köhler	n.masc	collier	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kol	n	coal	W7
Icelandic:	kol	n.neut	coal	ASD
Danish:	kul	n.neut	coal	TLL/ASD
Swedish:	kol	n.neut	coal	TLL/ASD
Italic
Old French:	cholle	n	head, round lump	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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