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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g̑eus- 'to taste, degust, enjoy'

Semantic Fields: to Taste (subj); to Taste (obj); to Please

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	asagussi	vb	to wish	LRC
	Fergus	prop.n	[personal name re:] excellence	GED
	guss	n	excellence	GED
	Oengus	prop.n	[personal name re:] excellence	GED
	togu	vb	to select	GED
English
Old English:	cēosan	vb.str	to choose, test	GED
	cost	n.masc	object of choice, excellence	GED
	cyre	n.masc	selection	GED
	ge-kor	n.str	decision	GED
	un-ge-coren	vb.past.ptc	vile	GED
	wælcyrige	n	witch	W7
Middle English:	chois	n	choice	W7
	chosen	vb	to choose	W7
	guste	n	gust	W7
English:	choice	n	selection, act of choosing	AHD/W7
	choose, chose, chosen	vb.str	to select after consideration	AHD/W7
	degust	vb.trans	to taste, savor	AHD/W7
	disgust	vb	to be offensive, provoke loathing/aversion/repugnance	AHD/W7
	gust	n	sensation of taste	AHD/W7
	gustation	n	act/sensation of tasting	AHD/W7
	gusto	n	liking, taste	AHD/W7
	ragout	n	well-seasoned meat/vegetables cooked in thick sauce	AHD/W7
	Valkyrie	prop.n	maiden of Odin: chooses hero to be slain, guides him to Valhalla (Norse mythology)	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	kiāsa/tziesa	vb.str	to choose, test	GED/ASD
Frisian:	kiezjen/tziezjen	vb	to choose	ASD
Dutch:	keur	n.fem	choice	ASD
	keuren	vb	to test	GED
	kiezen	vb	to choose	ASD
Old Saxon:	cust	n.masc	object of choice, excellence	GED
	kiosan/keosan	vb.str	to choose, taste, test	GED/ASD
	korōn	vb.wk	to test, taste	GED
	kostōn	vb	to attempt	GED
Low German:	koren	vb	to taste	GED
Old High German:	cost	n.masc	estimate, selection	GED
	gi-corōn	vb.wk	to test, taste	GED
	kiosan/kiusan	vb.str	to choose, taste, test	GED/ASD
	korōn	vb.wk	to test, taste	GED
	kostōn	vb.wk	to test	GED
	kurī/churi	n.fem	selection	GED/ASD
Middle High German:	kiusen/kiesen	vb	to choose	ASD
	kūr(e)	n.fem	election, examination	ASD
German:	kiesen	vb	to choose	ASD
	kosten	vb	to degust	LRC
	Kur/Kür/Chur	n.fem	choice, election	ASD
	Walküre	prop.n	Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	kostr	n.masc	choice, alternative; chance, opportunity	LRC
	Valkyrie	prop.n	Valkyrie: minor divinity (Norse mythology)	W7
Old Icelandic:	kjōsa	vb.str	to choose, test	GED
	kor	n.str	decision	GED
	kosta	vb	to try	GED
	kostr	n.masc	selection	GED
Icelandic:	keyr/kjörr	n.neut	choice	ASD
	kjōsa	vb	to choose	ASD
	ū-kjörligr	adj	wretched	ASD
	val-kyrja	n.fem	Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain	ASD
Danish:	kaar	n.neut	choice	ASD
	keise	vb	to choose	ASD
Swedish:	kor	n	choice	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	kausjan	vb.wk.I	to experience	GED
	*kiusan	vb.str.II	to choose, test	GED
	un-gakusans	adj	unchosen, rejected	ASD
	us-kiusan	vb.str.II	to reject, not choose	GED
Italic
Latin:	dēgustō, dēgustāre	vb	to taste, degust	W7
	gustatio, gustationis	n.fem	sense of taste	W7
	gustō, gustāre, gustāvī, gustātus	vb	to taste	W7
	gustus	n.masc	taste, tasting	GED
Spanish:	gusto	n.masc	taste	W7
Old French:	chois	n	choice	W7
Middle French:	desgouster	vb	to disgust, dislike taste of	W7
	goust	n.masc	taste	W7
French:	ragoût	n.masc	stew	W7
	ragoûter	vb	to revive taste, stir appetite	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	desha	vb.1.sg.pret	I loved	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	γεύομαι	vb	to taste	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	dauš	vb	to taste	LRC
	dauštar-	n	friend	GED
Avestan:	zaoš-	vb	to taste, be pleased	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	juṣáte	vb	to enjoy	GED
	júṣṭiṣ	n	favor	GED
	jṓṣati	vb	to taste	LRC
	joṣṭár-	adj	loving	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
I	=	class 1
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
past	=	past (tense)
pret	=	preterite (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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