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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ghedh-, ghodh- 'to join, unite, gather, make a bond'

Semantic Fields: to Join, Unite; to Bind

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gada	n	companion, associate	RPN
	gad(e)rian/gad(o)rigean	vb.wk	to gather, collect, store up	RPN/ASD
	gaderung	n.fem	assembly	RPN/ASD
	gaderwist	n	companionship	RPN
	gadrigendlic/gaderigendlīc	adj	collective	RPN/ASD
	gæd	n.neut	fellowship	RPN/ASD
	gædeling	n.masc	kinsman, comrade, companion	GED/RPN
	gædere, gadere, geador	adv	together	W7
	gæd(e)rian	vb	to gather	GED/ASD
	geador	adv	together	GED
	(ge-)gada	n	comrade	GED
	gōd	adj	good, excellent	LRC
	tō-gædere	adv	together	GED/RPN
Middle English:	gaderen	vb	to gather	W7
	good	adj	good	W7
	togedere	adv	together	W7
English:	gather	vb	to collect, bring together	AHD/W7
	good	adj	of favorable character/tendency	AHD/W7
	Goodbody	prop.n	hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	together	adv	in(to) one place/mass/group/collection	AHD/W7
Scots English:	gadyr	vb	to gather	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	gad(e)ria/ga(du)ria	vb.wk	to gather, unite	GED/ASD
	gadia	vb	to gather, unite	GED/RPN
	gadur	adv	together	GED/RPN
	gōd	adj	good	ASD
	tō-gadera	adv	together	ASD
Frisian:	gearjen	vb	to gather	ASD
Middle Dutch:	gaden	vb	to please	GED
	gaderen	vb	to unite, come together	RPN
Dutch:	gaderen	vb	to gather	ASD
	goed	adj	good	TLL
Flemish:	gaden	vb	to please	GED
Old Saxon:	gaduling/garaling	n.str.masc	relative	GED/ASD
	gi-gado	n	one's equal	GED
	gōd	adj	good	ASD
Middle Low German:	gad(d)eren	vb.wk	to unite	GED
	gaden	vb	to please	GED
	gader	adv	together	GED
Low German:	gad(d)ern	vb	to gather	ASD
Old High German:	be-gatōn	vb.wk	to unite, come together	GED/RPN
	gatiling/gataling	n.str.masc	relative	GED/RPN/ASD
	ge-gat	adj	joined	GED
	guot	adj	good	W7
Middle High German:	gater	adv	together	GED
	gatern/getern	vb.wk	to unite	GED/ASD
	(ge-)gate	n.wk.masc	spouse	GED
	geteling	n.masc	fellow, relation	ASD
German:	Gatte	n.masc	spouse	LRC
	gattern	vb	to gather	ASD
	Gattin	n.fem	wife, spouse, consort	TLL
	gut	adj	good	ASD
	Güte	n.fem	goodness, kindness	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	góðr	adj	good	LRC
Danish:	god	adj	good	TLL
Swedish:	god	adj	good	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gadiliggs	n.masc	cousin	GED/RPN
	gōðr	adj	good	ASD
	gōds/gōþs	adj	good	LRC
Crimean Gothic:	*gadelþa/gadeltha	adj	beautiful	GED/CGo
Baltic
Lithuanian:	goda	n	honor	GED
Latvian:	gads	n.masc	year	LRC
	gùodât	vb	to hold in honor	GED
	gùods	n	honor, glory	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	gadati	vb	to believe	GED
	godina	n.fem	time, hour	LRC
	godъ	n	(favorable) time	GED/RPN
	ugobьziti, ugobьžǫ, ugobьziši	vb	to yield richly	LRC
	ugoditi, ugoždǫ, ugodiši	vb	to please, be pleasing	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	gadh-	vb	to cling, hold fast, hang on to	GED/RPN
	gádhya-ḥ	adj	seized/gained as booty	RPN
Tocharian
Tokharian:	kātk-	vb	to rejoice	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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