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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ghel- 'to yell, call, cry'

Semantic Fields: to Call, Summon; to Cry, Weep

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	begiellan, begeall, begullon, begollen	vb.str.III	to yell, scream, screech	LRC
	galan	vb.str	to sing	W7/ASD
	g(e)aldor	n.neut	spell, charm, magic, enchantment	IEW/ASD
	gi(e)llan/gellan/gyllan	vb.str	to yell	W7/ASD
	gi(e)lpan/gylpan	vb.str	to boast, exult	W7/ASD
	nihte-gale	n.fem	nightingale	W7/ASD
Middle English:	celidoine	n	celandine	W7
	nightingale	n	nightingale	W7
	yellen	vb	to yell	W7
	yelpen	vb	to boast, cry out	W7
English:	celandine	n	yellow-flowered biennial herb	AHD/W7
	cichlid	n	tropical freshwater spiny-finned fish	AHD/W7
	Galdor	prop.n	Grey Haven elf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	nightingale	n	Old World thrush noted for nocturnal song	AHD/W7
	yell	vb	to utter loud cry/scream/shout	AHD/W7
	yelp	vb	to utter quick sharp shrill cry	AHD/W7
Scots English:	gale	vb	to cry	ASD
W-Germanic
Frisian:	galljen	vb	to yell, sing	ASD
Dutch:	galmen	vb	to sound	ASD
	golf	n	wave, surge, billow	IEW
Old Saxon:	galan	vb	to sing, call	ASD
Old Low German:	nahti-gala	n	nightingale	ASD
Middle Low German:	gelve	n	wave, surge, billow	IEW
Low German:	gillen	vb	to shriek	ASD
Old High German:	calm/galm	vb	to yell, sing	ASD
	galan	vb	to sing	ASD
	gellan	vb	to yell	W7
	gelph	n	outcry	W7
	nahti-gala	n	nightingale	ASD
German:	Gal(l)	n	sound	ASD
	gällen/gellen	vb	to sound	ASD
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	gala	vb	to sing, crow	ASD
	galdr/galðr	n.masc	song, charm, spell, witchcraft, sorcery	ASD
	gella	vb	to yell, sing	ASD
Danish:	gale	vb	to crow	ASD
Swedish:	gala	vb	to crow	ASD
Italic
Latin:	chelidonius	adj	re: swallow	W7
Middle French:	celidoine	n.masc	celandine	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gulbinti	vb	to praise	W7/LD
Hellenic
Greek:	kichlē	n.fem	thrush, kind of wrasse	W7
	chelidonios	adj	re: swallow	W7
	chelidōn, cheilidonos	n.fem	swallow	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LD	=	Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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