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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. g̑her- 'to grab, grip, seize'

Semantic Field: to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Irish:	car	n	turn	CDC
	cor	n	turn, music, circular motion	CDC
Gaelic:	car/cuir	n	turn, movement, bar of music	CDC
Welsh:	cōr	n	choir, circle	CDC
English
Middle English:	corteis	adj	courteous	W7
	corteisie	n	courtesy	W7
	court	n	court	W7
	courteour	n	courtier	AHD
	curtilage	n	curtilage	W7
	quer	n	choir	W7
	querister	n	chorister	W7
English:	carol	n	old round dance with song	AHD/W7
	choir	n	organized group of singers	AHD/W7
	choral	adj	re: choir/chorus	AHD/W7
	chorale	n	hymn/psalm sung in church	AHD/W7
	choric	adj	re: chorus	AHD
	chorister	n	choir singer	AHD/W7
	chorus	n	group of singers/dancers in Greek drama	AHD/W7
	cohort	n	1/10th of ancient Roman legion	AHD/W7
	cortege	n	retinue, train of attendants	AHD/W7
	court	n	residence/establishment of sovereign dignitary	AHD/W7
	courteous	adj	marked by gallantry/polished manners/ceremonial behavior	AHD/W7
	courtesan	n	prostitute with courtly/wealthy/upper-class clientele	AHD/W7
	courtesy	n	courteous behavior	AHD/W7
	courtier	n	attendant at royal court	AHD/W7
	curtilage	n	yard within fence surrounding house	AHD/W7
	curts(e)y	n	women's bow as gesture of respect/reverence	AHD
	hora	n	round dance	AHD
	horticulture	n	art/science of growing plants	AHD/W7
	ortolan	n	Southern European bird	AHD/W7
	Terpsichore	prop.n	Muse of dance/dramatic chorus (Greek mythology)	LRC
W-Germanic
German:	choral	adj	choral	W7
	Choralgesang	n	choral song	W7
Italic
Latin:	choraula	n.masc	choral song/accompanist	W7
	chorus	n.masc	chorus	W7
	cohors, cohortis	n.fem	court, yard, enclosure; cohort	RPN
	hortolanus	n.masc	ortolan (bird)	W7
	hortulus	n.masc.dim	small garden	W7
	hortus	n.masc	garden	RPN
	Terpsichore	n.fem	Terpsichore, one of the nine Muses	W7
Medieval Latin:	choralis	adj	of a choir	W7
	chorista	n.masc	choir singer	W7
	chorus	n.masc	choir	W7
Old French:	corteis	n.fem	courteous	W7
	corteisie	n.fem	courtesy	W7
	cortil	n.masc	courtyard	W7
	cortillage	n.masc	curtilage	W7
	cortoier	vb	to be at royal court	AHD
	co(u)rt	n.fem	court	W7
	cuer	n.masc	heart	W7
Anglo-French:	courteour	n	courtier	AHD
	cueristre	n.masc	chorister	W7
Middle French:	cohorte	n.fem	cohort	W7
	courtisane	adj	courtesan	W7
French:	chorale	n.fem	choir	W7
	cortège	n.masc	cortege, procession	W7
	cour	adj	enclosure, yard	W7
	ortolan	n.masc	ortolan	W7
Old Italian:	corte	n.fem	court	W7
	cortigiana	n.fem	woman courtier	W7
	cortigiano	n.masc	courtier	W7
Italian:	corte	n.fem	court, courtyard	W7/CID
	corteggiare	vb	to court	W7
	corteggio	n.masc	cortege	W7
	ortolano	n.masc	gardener; ortolan	W7
Rumanian:	horă	n	hora	AHD
Albanian
Albanian:	dorë	n	hand	RPN
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	χορός	n.masc	(round) dance, dancing place	LS
	χόρτος	n.masc	enclosure	RPN/LS
Greek:	Terpsichorē	n.fem	Terpsichore	W7
	choraulēs	n.masc	choral accompanist	W7
New Greek:	χορος	n	hora	AHD
Armenian
Armenian:	jeṙn	n	hand	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	hárati	vb	to take, seize, carry off	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	ṣar	n	hand	RPN
Tocharian A:	tsar	n	hand	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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