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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ghoilo-s 'foaming, turbulent, frothing up'

Semantic Field: Wave, Surge

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	gāel	n	relationship	GED
Welsh:	gaol	n	love	GED
English
Old English:	gāl	adj	gole, gay, joyous; greedy	ASD
	gāl-mōd	adj	wanton, licentious, light-minded	ASD
	wīn-gāl	adj	intoxicated, lit. wine-gay	LRC
English:	Gálmód	prop.n	Grima's father in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	gole	adj	merry, lusty, wanton, licentious, lascivious	OED
W-Germanic
Dutch:	geil	adj	gole	ASD
	gijl	n	beer under fermentation	GED
	gijlen	vb	to ferment	GED
Old Saxon:	gēl	adj	gole, frolicsome	GED
	gēl-mōd	adj	gole, light-minded	ASD
Middle Low German:	gīlen	vb.wk	to desire	GED
Old High German:	geil	adj	gole, frolicsome	GED
	keilī	n	lasciviousness	GED
Middle High German:	geil	adj	gole	ASD
	geilen	vb.wk	to make merry	GED
German:	geil	adj	gole	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	geil-igr	adj	beautiful	GED
	gil-ker	n	fermenting vat	GED
	gœl-igr	adj	beautiful	GED
Norwegian:	gil	n	beer under fermentation	GED
Danish:	geil	adj	gole	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*gailjan	vb.wk.I	to delight	GED
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gaĩla	adj	desirable	GED
	gailùs	adj	pitiful; sharp, bitter	GED
Latvian:	gaîlêt	vb	to glow	GED
	gails	adj	voluptuous	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	(d)zělo	adv	very	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)

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