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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. g^u̯er-, g^u̯erə- 'to swallow; craw, gorge, throat'

Semantic Field: Throat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	crawa	n	craw	W7
Middle English:	crawe	n	craw	W7
	devouren	vb	to devour	W7
	garget	n	throat	W7
	gorge	n	gorge	W7
	gorget	n	gorget	AHD
English:	ambrosia	n	food/unguent of gods (Greek/Roman mythology)	AHD/W7
	ambrosial	adj	immortal, re: ambrosia	W7
	bronchial	adj	re: bronchi	W7
	bronchiectasis	n	chronic dilation of bronchial tubes	AHD
	bronch(o)-	pfx	bronchus, bronchial	AHD
	bronchus, bronchi	n	primary division of trachea leading to lungs	AHD/W7
	carnivore	n	flesh-eating animal	W7
	craw	n	crop of bird/insect	AHD/W7
	devour	vb.trans	to eat greedily/ravenously	AHD/W7
	garget	n	mastitis of domestic animals	AHD/W7
	gorge	n	throat	AHD/W7
	gorget	n	armor/collar covering throat/shoulders	AHD
	gurgitation	n	swallowing	AHD
	hellebore	n	herb of crowfoot family	AHD/W7
	herbivore	n	plant-eating animal	W7
	hryvnia	n	Ukraine currency unit	AHD
	ingurgitate	vb.trans	to guzzle, swallow greedily/in large quantity	AHD/W7
	insectivore	n	insect-eating plant/animal	LRC
	locavore	n	one who prefers locally grown food	LRC
	omnivore	n	flesh- and plant-eating animal	LRC
	regurgitate	vb	to be thrown/poured back	AHD/W7
	scrag	n	scrawny/rawboned person/animal	AHD/W7
	theobromine	n	bitter, weakly basic compound related to caffeine	AHD/W7
	voracious	adj	ravenous, having huge appetie	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	craaghe	n	neck, gorge	AHD
Old High German:	querdar	n	bait	W7
German:	Köder	n.masc	bait	LRC
	Kragen	n.masc	neck, collar	TLL
N-Germanic
Swedish:	krage	n	collar	SAO
Italic
Latin:	ambrosia	n.fem	ambrosia	AHD/CLD
	ambrosius, ambrosia, ambrosium	adj	divine, ambrosial	CLD
	devoro, devorare	vb	to devour	W7
	gurges, gurgitis	n.masc	throat, whirlpool	W7
	helleborus	n.masc	hellebore	W7
	ingurgito, ingurgitare, ingurgitavi, ingurgitatus	vb	to pour in, swallow like a glutton	W7
	vorax, voracis	adj	voracious, devouring	W7
	voro, vorāre	vb	to devour	W7
Late Latin:	gurga	n.fem	throat, whirlpool	W7
	gurgito, gurgitāre	vb	to engulf	W7
Medieval Latin:	regurgito, regurgitare, regurgitavi, regurgitatus	vb	to regurgitate	W7
New Latin:	bronchus	n.masc	bronchus	W7
	Theobroma	n.fem	genus of trees	W7
Old French:	gorge	n	gorge	AHD
	gorgete	n.dim	gorget, little gorge	AHD
Middle French:	devourer	vb	to devour	W7
	gargate	n.masc	throat	W7
	gargouiller	vb	to gargle	W7
	gorge	n.fem	throat	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gėris	n.masc	goodness	LRC
Slavic
Russian:	griva	n	mane	AHD
Ukrainian:	hryvnia	n	hryvnia	AHD
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ἀμβροσίη	adj/n	ambrosia	LRC
	ἀμβρόσιος	adj/n	divine, ambrosial	LRC
Greek:	ʼάμβροτος	adj	divine, ambrosial, immortalizing	AHD
	bibrōskein	vb	to devour	W7
	bronchos	n.masc	trachea	W7
	brōma	n.neut	food	W7
	helleboros	n.masc	plant thought to remedy madness	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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