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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: g^u̯hren- 'diaphragm; mind, soul'

Semantic Fields: Front of Chest; Mind; Soul, Spirit

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	frantik	adj	frantic	W7
	frenesie	n	frenzy	W7
	frenetik	adj	insane	W7
English:	frantic	adj	mentally deranged	AHD/W7
	frenetic	adj	frantic, frenzied	AHD/W7
	frenzy	n	temporary madness	AHD/W7
	frenzy	vb.trans	to affect with frenzy	W7
	hebephrenia	n	type of schizophrenia affecting youth	AHD
	holophrastic	adj	expressing complex of ideas in single work	AHD/W7
	paraphrase	n	restatement of text/work/passage, giving meaning in another form	AHD/W7
	periphrasis	n	circumlocution, use of longer in place of shorter/plainer phrasing	AHD/W7
	phrase	n	diction, characteristic style/manner of expression	AHD/W7
	-phrastic	adj.sfx	re: complex of ideas	AHD/W7
	-phrenia	n.sfx	condition of disordered mental functions	AHD/W7
	phrenic	adj	re: diaphragm	W7
	phrenitis	n	diaphragm inflammation	AHD
	phren(o)-	pfx	mind, diaphragm	AHD/W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	grunr	n.masc	suspicion	LRC
Italic
Latin:	periphrasis	n.fem	periphrasis	W7
New Latin:	-phrenia	sfx	re: mind	W7
Middle French:	frenesie	n.fem	frenzy	W7
	frenetique	adj	insane	W7
	paraphrase	n.fem	paraphrase	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	εὐφραίνω	vb	to please, delight	LRC
	κρατερόφρων	adj	dauntless, stout-hearted	LRC
	paraphrazein	vb	to paraphrase	W7
	periphrazein	vb	to express periphrastically	W7
	periphrasis	n.fem	periphrasis	W7
	phrazein	vb	to tell, explain, point out	W7
	phrasis	n.fem	explanation	W7
	phrenitikos	adj	re: mind	W7
	phrenitis	n.fem	brain inflammation	W7
	phrēn, phrenos	n.fem	mind, diaphragm	W7
	φρονέω	vb	to understand	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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