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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: i̯ek- 'to speak'

Semantic Field: to Speak, Talk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gēogelere	n.masc	juggler	W7/ASD
Middle English:	jeopardie	n	jeopardy	W7
	jogelen	vb	to juggle	W7
	jogelour	n	juggler	W7
	juel	n	jewel	W7
English:	jeopardy	n	danger, exposure to/imminence of death/loss/injury	AHD/W7
	jewel	n	precious stone ornament	AHD/W7
	jocose	adj	merry, given to joking	AHD/W7
	jocular	adj	mirthful, given to jesting	AHD/W7
	joke	n	something said/done to provoke laughter	AHD/W7
	juggle	vb	to perform physical tricks with objects	AHD/W7
	juggler	n	one who performs tricks/acts of magic	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	gehan	vb	to say	W7
	gougulari	n	juggler	ASD
German:	Gaukler	n.masc	juggler	ASD
	Jongleur	n.masc	juggler	LRC
	Juwel	n.neut	jewel	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	kuklari	n	juggler	ASD
Italic
Latin:	jocosus	adj	humorous, re: play	W7
	jocularis	adj	jocular	W7
	joculator	n.masc	joker, juggler	W7
	joculor, joculari, joculatus	vb.dep	to joke, play	W7
	joculus	n.masc.dim	little game/joke	W7
	jocus	n.masc	game, joke	W7
Old French:	jeu	n.masc	game, play	W7
	jogleour	n.masc	juggler	W7
	juel	n.masc	toy	W7
Anglo-French:	juparti	n.masc	alternative, divided game	W7
Middle French:	jogler	vb	to joke	W7
French:	jeu	n	game	TLL
Indic
Sanskrit:	yācati	vb	to implore	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
dim	=	diminutive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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