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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: i̯ē̆k^u̯-r̥(t-), genitive i̯ek^u̯-n-és 'liver'

Semantic Field: Liver

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	lifer	n.fem	liver	ASD
Middle English:	giser	n	gizzard	W7
	liver	n	liver	W7
English:	gizzard	n	muscular enlargement of bird's alimentary canal	AHD/W7
	heparin	n	polysaccharide sulfuric acid ester	AHD/W7
	hepatic	adj	re: liver	AHD/W7
	hepatitis	n	liver inflammation	AHD
	hepat(o)-	pfx	liver	AHD
	liver	n	glandular vertebrate organ secreting bile etc.	W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	lever	n	liver	TLL
Old High German:	leb(a)ra/libera/libara	n	liver	IEW/ASD
German:	Leber	n	liver	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	lifr	n.fem	liver	IEW
Icelandic:	lifr	n	liver	ASD
Danish:	lever	n	liver	TLL
Swedish:	lever	n	liver	TLL
Italic
Latin:	hepaticus	adj	hepatic	W7
	jecur, jecoris	n.neut	liver	IEW
Old North French:	guisier	n.masc	gizzard	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	iagno	n.fem	liver	IEW
Lithuanian:	yãknos	n.fem	liver	IEW
Latvian:	akna	n.fem	liver	IEW
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ʽη̃παρ	n.neut	liver	IEW
Greek:	λιπαρός	adj	sleek, shining (with ointment)	IEW
Anatolian
Hittite:	lissa-	n	liver	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	leard	n	liver	IEW
Iranian
Avestan:	yākarə	n	liver	IEW
Indic
Sanskrit:	yákr̥t	n	liver	IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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