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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. i̯eu-, i̯eu̯ə-, i̯eu-g- 'to yoke, join, tie together'

Semantic Fields: Yoke; to Join, Unite

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	iau	n	yoke	LRC
English
Old English:	geoc/(g)ioc/geoht/gōc	n.neut	yoke	W7/ASD
Middle English:	adjoinen	vb	to adjoin	W7
	aiden	vb	to aid	AHD
	conjoinen	vb	to conjoin	W7
	conjugat	vb.ptc	joined, combined, united	W7
	conjunct	vb.ptc	joined, combined, united	W7
	enjoinen	vb	to enjoin	W7
	eyden	vb	to aid, help	W7
	joinen	vb	to join	W7
	joint(e)	n	joint	W7
	jousten	vb	to joust	W7
	rejoinen	vb	to rejoin	W7
	rejoiner	n	rejoinder	W7
	subjugaten	vb	to subjugate	W7
	yok	n	yoke	W7
English:	adjoin	vb	to add/attach by joining	AHD/W7
	adjust	vb	to bring to more satisfactory state	AHD/W7
	adjutant	n	aide, staff officer	AHD
	adjuvant	adj	serving to aid/contribute	AHD/W7
	aid	vb	to help, assist	AHD/W7
	aide	n	assistant, aide-de-camp	W7
	aide-de-camp	n	camp assistant	W7
	azygous	adj	single, not one of pair	AHD/W7
	conjoin	vb	to join together for common purpose	AHD/W7
	conjugal	adj	re: marriage/married state/matrimonial relations	AHD/W7
	conjugate	adj	coupled, joined together as pair(s)	AHD/W7
	conjunct	adj	united, joined	AHD/W7
	enjoin	vb.trans	to direct/impose by authoritative order	AHD/W7
	injunction	n	admonition, order, act/instance of enjoining	AHD/W7
	join	vb	to put/bring together to form unit	AHD/W7
	joinder	n	conjunction	AHD/W7
	joint	adj	combined, united	AHD/W7
	joint	n	point of contact between parts of animal skeleton	AHD/W7
	joust	vb.intrans	to fight on horseback	AHD/W7
	jugate	adj	paired	AHD/W7
	jugular	adj	re: throat/neck	AHD/W7
	jugum	n	pair of opposite leaflets of pinnate leaf	AHD/W7
	junction	n	act/state of joining/being joined	AHD/W7
	junta	n	council/committee for political/governmental purposes	AHD/W7
	rejoin	vb	to answer replication of plaintiff	AHD/W7
	rejoinder	n	defendant's answer to plaintiff's replication	AHD/W7
	subjoin	vb.trans	to append, annex	AHD/W7
	subjugate	vb.trans	to master, force to submit	AHD/W7
	syzygy	n	nearly straight-line configuration among 3 orbiting celestial bodies	AHD/W7
	yoga	n	Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity	AHD/W7
	yoke	n	wooden bar/frame by which draft animals are joined to work together	AHD/W7
	yoke	vb	to join via yoke	W7
	zeugma	n	use of word to modify/govern two/more words, applying distinctively to each	AHD/W7
	zygoma	n	zygomatic arch	AHD/W7
	zygote	n	cell formed by union of 2 gametes	AHD/W7
	-zygous	adj	having zygotic constitution	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	jo(c)h	n	yoke	W7
German:	Joch	n.neut	yoke	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ok	n	yoke	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	(ga-)juk	n	yoke, pair	LRC
Italic
Latin:	adjungo, adjungere	vb	to fasten, harness	W7
	adjuto, adjutāre	vb	to assist zealously	W7
	adjuvo, adjuvāre	vb	to help, assist	W7
	conjugalis	adj	of marriage	W7
	conjugō, conjugāre, conjugāvī, conjugātus	vb	to join, unite	W7
	conjungo, conjungere, conjunxi, conjunctus	vb	to join, connect, fasten together	W7
	conjunx, conjugis	n.masc/fem	spouse	W7
	injungo, injungere, injunxi, injunctus	vb	to join, attach to	W7
	iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum	vb	to assist, help	LRC
	iuxtā	adv/prep	near	LRC
	jugo, jugare	vb	to join	W7
	jugulum	n.neut	collarbone, throat	W7
	jugum	n.neut	yoke	W7
	junctio, iunctionis	n.fem	act/result of joining	W7
	jungo, jungere, junxi, junctus	vb	to yoke, join together	W7
	juvo, juvare	vb	to help	W7
	subjugo, subjugare, subjugavi, subjugatus	vb	to bring under yoke	W7
	subjungo, subjungere	vb	to join beneath, subordinate, add	W7
Vulgar Latin:	juxto, juxtāre	vb	to put/be near	W7
Late Latin:	injunctio, injunctionis	n.fem	injunction	W7
	jugularis	adj	jugular	W7
	syzygia	n.fem	conjunction	W7
New Latin:	jugum	n.neut	yoke	W7
	zygoma, zygomatos	n.fem	zygomatic arch/bone	W7
Spanish:	junta	n.fem	committee, association	W7/Sal
	junto	adj/vb.ptc	joined	W7
Old French:	aider	vb	to aid	AHD
	ajoindre	vb	to adjoin	AHD
	ajoster	vb	to adjust	AHD
	enjoindre	vb	to enjoin	W7
	joindre	vb	to join	W7
	jointe	n.fem	action of joining	W7
	juster	vb	to put/be near	W7
Middle French:	adjoindre	vb	to adjoin	W7
	aider	vb	to help	W7
	conjoindre	vb	to join	W7
	conjugal	adj	relative to marriage	W7
	injonction	n.fem	injunction	W7
	joindre	vb	to join	W7
	joint	n.masc	joint, articulation	W7
	rejoindre	vb	to rejoin	W7
	subjoindre	vb	to subjoin	W7
French:	adjuvant	n.masc	adjuvant, sidekick	W7
	ajuster	vb	to adjust	W7
	joindre	vb	to join	W7
	jusque	adv	until, up to	TLL
	juste	adj	just, exact	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	jùngas	n	yoke	LRC
	jùngti, jùngia, jùngė	vb	to join, unite	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	igo	n	yoke	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ζευ̃γος	n.pl	(yoked) pair	LRC
	ζυγόν	n.neut	yoke	LRC
Greek:	azygos	adj	unmarried	W7
	zeugma	n.neut	joining	W7
	zeugnynai	vb	to yoke, join	W7
	-zygos	sfx	yoked, with an egg	W7
	zygoun	vb	to join	W7
	zygōma	n.neut	zygoma	W7
	zygōtos	adj	yoked	W7
	syzygia	n.fem	syzygy, state of being yoked together	W7
	syzygos	adj	yoked together	W7
	ὑποζύγιον	n.neut	pack animal	LRC
Anatolian
Hittite:	iukan/yugan	n	yoke	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	luc	n	yoke	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	yugá(m)	n	yoke, pair	LRC
	yunakti	vb	to yoke	W7
	yoga	n	Hindu theistic philosophy re: suppression of body/mind activity	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	yokäm	n	yoke	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
Sal	=	Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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