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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. i̯eu- 'young'

Semantic Field: Young

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	ōac	adj	young	LRC
Irish:	gall	n.masc	foreigner	W7
	gallōglach	n.masc	heavily-armed soldier	W7/IED
	ōglach	n.masc	soldier	W7
Welsh:	ieuanc	adj	young	LRC
English
Old English:	gēoguþ/gī(o)goþ/īuguþ	n.fem	youth	W7/ASD
	ge(o)ng/gi(o)ng/g(i)ung	adj	young	W7/ASD
Middle English:	June	prop.n	June	W7
	yong	adj	young	W7
	youthe	n	youth	W7
English:	gallowglass	n	mercenary/retainer of Irish chief	AHD/W7
	June	prop.n	6th month (in Gregorian calendar)	AHD/W7
	junior	adj	younger	AHD/W7
	junior	n	person younger than another	AHD/W7
	juvenile	adj	young, physiologically immature/undeveloped	AHD/W7
	rejuvenate	vb	to reinvigorate, make young/youthful again	AHD/W7
	young	adj	re: first/early phase of life/growth/development	AHD/W7
	youngster	n	child, young person	W7
	youth	n	life phase of growth/development	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	jung/jong	adj	young	ASD
Frisian:	jong	adj	young	ASD
Dutch:	jong	adj	young	ASD
	jongen	n	boy, youngster	TLL
Old Saxon:	juguð	n	youth	ASD
	jung	adj	young	ASD
Low German:	jung/junk	adj	young	ASD
Old High German:	jugund	n	youth	ASD
	jung	adj	young	W7
Middle High German:	junc	adj	young	ASD
German:	Jugend	n.fem	youth, adolescence	ASD
	jung	adj	young	ASD
	Junge	n.masc	boy, lad, youngster	LRC
	Junge	n.neut	drop, hatchling	LRC
	Juni	n.masc	June	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ungr	adj	young	LRC
Icelandic:	ungr	adj	young	ASD
Danish:	ung	adj	young	ASD
Swedish:	ung	adj	young	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	jungs	adj	young	LRC
	yuggs	adj	young	ASD
Italic
Latin:	junior	adj.comp	younger	W7
	Junius	prop.n.masc	June	W7
	juvenilis	adj	re: young person	W7
	juvenis	n.masc/fem	young man/woman	W7
Middle French:	Juin	prop.n.masc	June	W7
French:	juvénile	adj	re: young person	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	jáunos	adj	young	LRC
Latvian:	jauna/jaûns	adj	young, new	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	junz	adj	young	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	αἰζηός	adj	strong, lusty, vigorous	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	yavan	adj	young	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	yúvā	n	youth	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
comp	=	comparative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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