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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kai-lo-, kai-lu- 'bright; hale, whole, healthy'

Semantic Fields: Bright; Well; Health

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hǣlan	vb.wk	to heal	W7/ASD
	hāl	adj	hale, whole, healthy	ASD
	hālettan, hālette, hāleted	vb.wk.I	to hail, salute	LRC
	hālga	n	hallow	OED
	hālgan	n.pl	hallows	OED
	hālgian	vb.wk	to hallow	W7/ASD
	hālian	vb.wk	to heal, get well, become hale	ASD
	hālig	adj	holy, hallowed	LRC
	hāligdæg	n	holiday	W7
	hāligdōm	n	halidom	W7
	hālig-mōnaþ	n.masc	September, lit. holy-month (of sacrifice)	ASD
Middle English:	Alhalwemesse	prop.n	Allhallowmas	AHD
	hail	interj	hail (greeting/salutation)	W7
	halidom	n	halidom	W7
	halowen	vb	to hallow	W7
	haly/holi/holy	adj	holy	W7
	helen	vb	to heal	W7
	holiday	n	holiday	W7
	holihoc	n	hollyhock	W7
	hool	adj	whole, healthy	W7
English:	Allhallowmas	prop.n.arch	All Saints' Day	AHD
	hail	interj	[used to express] acclamation	AHD/W7
	hale	adj	sound, free from defect/disease/infirmity	AHD/W7
	Haleth	prop.n	Helm's oldest son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	halidom	n	something held sacred	AHD/W7
	Halifirien	prop.n	beacon hill in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Halimath	prop.n	Shire calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hallow	n	saint, holy person	OED
	hallow	vb.trans	to make holy/set apart for holy use	AHD/W7
	Halloween	prop.n	evening before All Saints' Day	AHD
	Hallows	prop.n	tombs in Tolkien: Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hallows	n.pl	tombs, shrines, relics, holy places	OED
	heal	vb	to make/become sound/whole	AHD/W7
	health	n	general bodily condition	AHD/W7
	holiday	n	lit. holy day	AHD/W7
	hollyhock	n	widely cultivated Chinese perennial herb	AHD/W7
	holy	adj	sacred, set apart to service of deity	AHD/W7
	wassail	n	(early English toast to) good health	AHD/W7
	whole	adj	unhurt, free of wound/injury	AHD/W7
	wholesome	adj	promoting health/well-being	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hēl	adj	hale, whole, healthy	ASD
	hēla	vb	to heal	ASD
	hēlich	adj	holy	ASD
Old Saxon:	hēl	adj	hale, whole, healthy	ASD
	hēlag	adj	holy	ASD
	hēlagōn	vb	to hallow	ASD
	hēlean	vb	to heal	ASD
	Heliand	prop.n.masc	Savior (Jesus) in epic poem Heliand	LRC
Old High German:	heil	adj	healthy, unhurt	W7
	heilag	adj	holy	ASD
	heilagōn	vb	to hallow	ASD
	heilen/heilan	vb	to heal	W7/ASD
	heiligtuom	n	halidom	ASD
German:	heil	adj	hale, whole, healthy	ASD
	Heiland	n.masc	savior, redeemer	LRC
	heilen	vb	to heal	ASD
	heilig	adj	holy	ASD
	heiligen	vb	to hallow	ASD
	Heiligthum	n	halidom, sanctuary	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	heill	adj	sound, safe, healthy	LRC
	heill	n.fem/neut	good luck, good omen	LRC
Icelandic:	heilagr	adj	holy	ASD
	heill	adj	hale, whole, healthy	ASD
	helga	vb	to hallow	ASD
	helgidōmr	n	sanctuary	ASD
Swedish:	hel	adj	whole	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hailjan	vb	to heal	ASD
	hails	adj	hale, whole, healthy	ASD
Crimean Gothic:	iel	n.neut	life, health	CGo
	iel(tsch)	adj	well, alive, healthy	CGo

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
arch	=	archaic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
interj	=	interjection
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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