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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kāu-, kəu- 'to hew, cut, hit'

Semantic Fields: to Cut; to Hit, Strike, Beat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	forhēawan, forhēow, forhēowon, forhēawen	vb.str.VII	to hew, cut down	LRC
	hēawan, hēow, hēowon, hēawen	vb.str.VII	to hew, cut down, kill	LRC
	hīeg	n	hay	W7
Middle English:	hagese	n	haggis	W7
	haggen	vb	to haggle	AHD
	hewen	vb	to hew	W7
	hey	n	hay	W7
	howe	n	hoe	W7
English:	hacksaw	n	fine-toothed sawblade stretched in frame	AHD
	hag	n	bog, quagmire	AHD/W7
	haggis	n	Scottish pudding of heart/lungs/liver	AHD/W7
	haggle	vb	to dicker, bargain re: price	AHD
	hay	n	grass mowed/cured for fodder	AHD/W7
	hew	vb	to strike/cut with heavy instrument	AHD/W7
	hoe	n	farm/garden implement	AHD/W7
	incus	n	small bone in mammal ear	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hawa/howa	vb	to hew	ASD
Dutch:	hooi	n	hay	TLL
Old Saxon:	ha(u)wan	vb	to hew	ASD
Old High German:	hewi	n	hay	W7
	houwa	n	hoe, mattock	W7
	houwan	vb	to hew	W7
German:	hauen	vb	to hew	ASD
	Heu	n.neut	hay	LRC
	verhauen	vb	to cut down	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	högg	n	stroke, blow	W7
Icelandic:	höggva	vb	to hew	ASD
Danish:	hø	n	hay	TLL
Swedish:	hö	n	hay	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hawi	n.str.neut	hay, grass	LRC
Italic
Latin:	codicelli, codicellorum	n.masc	notebook	LRC
	cudo, cudere	vb	to beat	W7
	incudo, incudere	vb	to stamp, strike	W7
	incus	n.fem	anvil	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kovà	n.fem	battle, struggle	LRC
	krūtìnė	n.fem	breast	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
VII	=	class 7
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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