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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. k̑el- 'cold; warm, caloric'

Semantic Fields: Cold, Frigid; Hot, Warm

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hlēo-mǣg	n.masc	lit. protector-kinsman	LRC
	hlēo(w)	n.neut	lee	W7/ASD
Middle English:	caudel	n	caudle	W7
	cauderon/caldron	n	cauldron	W7
	lee	n	lee	W7
	luke	adj	lukewarm	W7
	lukewarm	adj	lukewarm	W7
	scalden	vb	to scald	W7
English:	calenture	n	tropical fever caused by heat exposure	AHD/W7
	caloreceptor	n	heat-sensitive sensor	AHD
	caloric	adj	re: (generating) heat	AHD/W7
	calorie	n	measure of heat	AHD/W7
	calorific	adj	caloric	AHD/W7
	calorimeter	n	apparatus for measuring heat	AHD/W7
	calorimetry	n	measuring heat	AHD/W7
	caudle	n	drink for invalids	AHD/W7
	ca(u)ldron	n	large kettle/boiler	AHD/W7
	chafe	vb	to warm	AHD/W7
	chauffeur	n	person employed to drive motor vehicle	AHD/W7
	chowder	n	thick soup/stew of seafood (e.g. clams)	AHD/W7
	decalescence	n	reduced temperature increase due to phase change	AHD
	incalescent	adj	white, glowing, luminous with heat	AHD/W7
	lee	n	protective shelter	AHD/W7
	lukewarm	adj	tepid, moderately warm	AHD/W7
	nonchalant	adj	apparently unconcerned/indifferent	AHD/W7
	recalescence	n	increase in metal temperature caused by phase change	AHD/W7
	rechauffe	n	warmed-over food	AHD
	scald	vb	to burn with steam/hot liquid	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hlī	n	lee	ASD
Old Saxon:	hleo	n	lee	ASD
Old High German:	lāo	adj	lukewarm	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hæll	n.masc	heel	LRC
Icelandic:	hlē	n.neut	lee, protected cove	ASD
	hlȳ	n	warmth	ASD
	hlȳja	vb	to shelter	ASD
	hlȳr	adj	warm	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hlija	n	lee, tent	ASD
Italic
Latin:	calda	n.fem	warm water	W7
	caldārius, caldāria, caldārium	adj	re: warm(ing) water	CLD
	cal(e)faciō, calefacere	vb	to chafe, make hot	TLL
	caleo, calēre	vb	to be warm	W7
	calesco, calescere	vb	to become warm	W7
	calidus	adj	warm	W7
	calor	n.masc	heat	W7
	calorificus	adj	that brings warmth	W7
	recalesco, recalescere	vb	to grow warm again	W7
Late Latin:	caldaria	n.fem	cauldron, warm bath	W7
	excaldo, excaldāre	vb	to wash in warm water	W7
Spanish:	calentar	vb	to heat	W7
	calentura	n.fem	fever (pustule)	W7/Sal
	escaldar	vb	to scald	TLL
Old French:	chaloir	vb	to concern	W7
	nonchalant	adj	nonchalant	W7
	nonchaloir	vb	to disregard	W7
Old North French:	caudel	n.masc	mixed drink	W7
	cauderon	n.dim	cauldron	W7
	caudiere	n	warm bath	W7
	caut	adj	warm	W7
	escalder	vb	to wash in warm water	W7
Middle French:	chaufer	vb	to heat	W7
French:	calorie	n.fem	calorie	W7
	calorique	adj	caloric	W7
	chaudière	n.fem	bucket	W7
	chauffer	vb	to chafe, heat	W7
	chauffeur	n.masc	vehicle driver	W7
	échauffer	vb	to overheat	TLL
	nonchalant	adj	relaxed, casual, nonchalant	W7
	réchauffé	n	rechauffe	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	šáltas, šaltà	adj	cold	LRC
	šil̃tas, šiltà	adj	warm	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
Sal	=	Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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