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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: k̑ered- : k̑erd-, k̑ērd-, k̑r̥d-, k̑red- 'heart'

Semantic Field: Heart

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	cretim	vb	to believe	LRC
	cride	n	heart	RPN
Cornish:	créz	n	middle	RPN
Welsh:	craidd	n	heart; center	RPN
English
Old English:	hēah-heort	adj	proud	GED
	heorte	n.wk.fem	heart	LRC
Middle English:	accord	n	chord, accord	W7
	accorden	vb	to accord	W7
	concord	n	concord	W7
	corage	n	courage	W7
	cordial	adj	cordial	W7
	credence	n	credence	W7
	credible	adj	credible	W7
	credo	n	credo	W7
	discorden	vb	to discord	W7
	granten	vb	to grant	W7
	hert	n	heart	W7
	miscreaunt	n	miscreant	W7
	querre	n	the guts of the hunted game that the dogs ate	W7
	recorden	vb	to record, lit. to recall	W7
	recreant	adj	recreant	W7
English:	accord	n	agreement, conformity	AHD/W7
	accord	vb	to reconcile, bring into agreement	AHD/W7
	cardia	n	heart	AHD/CDC
	cardiac	adj	re: heart	AHD/W7
	cardi(o)-	pfx	heart	AHD/W7
	cardiomegaly	n	abnormal heart enlargement	AHD
	concord	n	harmony, state of agreement	AHD/W7
	cordate	adj	heart-shaped	AHD/W7
	cordial	adj	vital, re: heart	AHD/W7
	cordiform	adj	heart-shaped	AHD/W7
	courage	n	mental/moral strength to withstand fear/danger/difficulty	AHD/W7
	credence	n	belief, mental acceptance	AHD/W7
	credible	adj	capable of being believed	AHD/W7
	credit	n	account balance in one's favor	AHD/W7
	credit	vb.trans	to supply goods pending payment	AHD/W7
	credo	n	creed, belief	AHD/W7
	credulous	adj	ready/eager to believe	AHD/W7
	creed	n	(brief statement of) religious belief	LRC
	discord	vb.intrans	to clash, disagree	AHD/W7
	endocardium	n	thin serous membrane lining heart cavities	AHD/W7
	epicardium	n	visceral part of pericardium	AHD/W7
	grant	vb.trans	to allow/bring about fulfillment of	AHD/W7
	heart	n	hollow muscular organ that pumps blood in vertebrate animals	AHD/W7
	megalocardia	n	cardiomegaly	AHD
	miscreant	adj	heretical, unbelieving	AHD/W7
	misericord	n	small projection on bottom of hinged church seat that helps support standing worshiper when seat is turned up	AHD/W7
	myocardium	n	middle muscular layer of heart wall	AHD/W7
	pericardium	n	conical serous membrane enclosing heart/roots of great blood vessels in vertebrates	AHD/W7
	quarry	n	heap of game killed in hunt	AHD/W7
	record	vb	to set down in writing	AHD/W7
	recreant	adj	cowardly, crying for mercy	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	herte/hirte	n.wk	heart	RPN/GED/ASD
Dutch:	hart	n	heart	LRC
Old Saxon:	herta	n.wk	heart	RPN/GED
Old High German:	herza	n.wk	heart	RPN/GED
	hrein-herzi	adj	pure of heart	GED
German:	Herz	n.neut	heart	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	hjarta	n.wk	heart	RPN/GED
	hrein-hjartaðr	adj	pure of heart	GED
Icelandic:	hjarta	n	heart	ASD
Danish:	hjerte	n	heart	LRC
Swedish:	hjärta	n	heart	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*arma-hairto	adj	merciful	GED
	hairto	n.wk.neut	heart	GED
	hauh-hairei	n.fem	pride	GED
	hauh-hairts	adj	proud	GED
	*hrainja-hairts	adj	pure in heart	GED
Italic
Latin:	cardiacus	adj	re: heart	W7
	concordia	n.fem	peace, agreement	W7
	concors, concordis	adj	agreeing	W7
	cor, cordis	n.neut	heart	LRC
	credibilis	adj	credible	W7
	creditum	n.neut	loan, credit, something entrusted to another	W7
	credo, credere, credidi, creditus	vb	to trust, entrust, believe	W7
	credulus	adj	credulous	W7
	discordo, discordāre	vb	to disagree	W7
	discors, discordis	adj	discordant, disagreeing	W7
	misercordia	n.fem	mercy	W7
	misereor, misereri	vb	to be merciful	W7
	misericors, misericordis	adj	merciful	W7
	recordor, recordāri	vb.dep	to remember	W7
Vulgar Latin:	accordo, accordāre	vb	to give, allow	W7
	credento, credentāre	vb	to believe	W7
Medieval Latin:	cordialis	adj	re: heart	W7
	credentia	n.fem	belief	W7
	misercordia	n.fem	seat in church	W7
New Latin:	cordatus	adj	heart-shaped	W7
	endocardium	n.neut	membrane lining heart cavities	W7
	epicardium	n.neut	part of heart	W7
	myocardium	n.neut	heart wall's middle muscle layer	W7
	pericardium	n.neut	conical sac enclosing heart	W7
Portuguese:	crer	vb	to believe	TLL
Spanish:	creer	vb	to believe	TLL
Old French:	acorder	vb	to give, allow, fit together	W7
	acort	n.masc	accord, harmony	W7
	concorde	n.fem	agreement, peace	W7
	corage	n.masc	courage	W7
	creanter	vb	to believe	W7
	cuer	n.masc	heart	W7
	discorder	vb	to discord	W7
	granter	vb	to believe	W7
	recorder	vb	to recall	W7
Middle French:	credence	n.fem	belief; small piece of furniture	W7
	credit	n.masc	credit	W7
	croire	vb	to believe	W7
	cuiriee	n.fem	act of giving something to hounds to devour	W7
	mescreant	adj	not trustworthy	W7
	mescroire	vb	to disbelieve	W7
	recreant	adj	renouncing one's cause	W7
	recroire	vb	to renounce one's cause in a trial by battle	W7
French:	cordiforme	adj	cordiform	W7
	croire	vb	to believe	TLL
Old Italian:	credenza	n.fem	Renaissance side board used for valuable plates	W7
	credito	n.masc	credit	W7
Italian:	credere	vb	to believe	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	seyr	n	heart	GED
Lithuanian:	šerdìs	n	heart; marrow	GED
	širdìs	n	heart	GED
Latvian:	ser̃de	n	heart; marrow	GED
	sir̃ds	n	heart	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	srьdьce	n	heart	GED
	srěda	n	midst, middle, center; Wednesday	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	καρδία	n.fem	heart	RPN
	kardiakos	adj	of the heart	W7
	κη̃ρ	n	heart	GED
	perikardios	adj	around the heart	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	ki-ir, kar-ti-ya-aš	n	heart	RPN
Palaic:	ka-a-ar-ti	n.dat/loc.sg	heart	RPN
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	sirt	n	heart	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	zərəd-	n	heart	RPN
	zraz-dā-	vb	to believe	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	śrad-dhā́-	n	faith	LRC
	hŕ̥d-	n	heart	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dat	=	dative (case)
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
loc	=	locative (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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