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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kert-, kerət-, krāt- 'to roll, turn, wind'

Semantic Fields: to Roll; to Turn; to Wind, Wrap

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hyrd	n	door	RPN
	hyrdel	n.masc	hurdle	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	grate	n	grate	W7
	gredil	n	griddle, gridiron	W7
	gredire	n	gridiron	W7
	hurdel	n	hurdle	W7
English:	crate	n	box made of wooden slats	AHD/W7
	grate	n	cage, prison	AHD/W7
	grid	n	grating	AHD/W7
	griddle	n	flat cooking surface	AHD/W7
	gridiron	n	grated metal food-broiling frame	AHD/W7
	grill	n	parallel bars for cooking food over fire	AHD/W7
	hoard(ing)	n	temporary board fence	AHD/W7
	horst	n	raised block of earth's crust	AHD/W7
	hurdle	n	portable panel of wattled withes/stakes for enclosing land/livestock	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	hurd	n	hurdle, wattle	RPN
	hurt	n	hurdle	ASD
German:	Grill	n.masc	grill	LRC
	Horst	n	horst	W7
	Hürde	n	hurdle	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hurð	n.fem	door	LRC
Icelandic:	hurð	n	door; hurdle	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	haúrds	n.str.fem	door	LRC
Italic
Latin:	craticulum	n.neut	grill	W7
	crātis	n.fem	trellis, wicker basket, hurdle-work	RPN
Medieval Latin:	crata/grata	n.fem	hurdle	W7
Old North French:	gredil	n.masc	griddle	W7
French:	gril	n.masc	grill	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	krañtas	n	bank, seashore	RPN
	krãštas	n	edge, border, bank	RPN
Latvian:	krants	n	cliff	RPN
	krasts	n	shore, bank (of a river)	RPN
Slavic
Slovenian:	krétati	vb	to turn	RPN
Russian:	krug	n	circle	RPN
	krugóm	n	round	RPN
	kružít'	vb	to turn, whirl, spin	RPN
	krutít'	vb	to twist, twirl, roll up	RPN
	krutój	n	steep	RPN
	krúča	n	steep slope	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	κάρταλος	n	basket with pointed bottom	RPN
Iranian
Farsi:	karān	n	shore, side	RPN
Avestan:	karana-	n	end, border, shore	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	kṛṇátti	vb	to twist, spin	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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