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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: k̑es- 'to cut'

Semantic Field: to Cut

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	cess	n	spear	RPN
English
Old English:	castel(l)	n	castle, village	W7/ASD
	hūdenian	vb	to shake	W7
Middle English:	castel	n	castle	W7
	castelleyn	n	castellan	W7
	chaste	adj	chaste	W7
	incest	n	incest	W7
	quashen	vb	to quash, smash	W7
English:	caret	n	mark (^) on written/printed matter indicating place to insert something	AHD/W7
	cashier	n	person in charge of money	AHD/W7
	cassation	n	reversal, annulment, abrogation, cancellation	AHD/CDC
	caste	n	hereditary social/occupational class (Hinduism)	AHD/W7
	castellan	n	warden/governor of fort/castle	AHD/W7
	castellated	adj	having castle-like battlements	AHD/W7
	castigate	vb.trans	to punish/reprove/criticize severely	AHD/W7
	castle	n	large fortified building	AHD/W7
	castrate	vb.trans	to geld, deprive of testes	AHD/W7
	chaste	adj	re: lack of unlawful sexual intercourse	AHD/W7
	chastise	vb	to scold	TLL
	chateau	n	French manor/castle	TLL
	incest	n	sexual intercourse between closely-related persons forbidden to marry	AHD/W7
	quash	vb.trans	to quell, suppress/extinguish completely	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	kassier/cashier	n	cashier	W7
	kasteel	n	castle	TLL
German:	Kassierer	n.masc	cashier	LRC
	Kaste	n.fem	caste	LRC
Italic
Latin:	careo, carēre	vb	to lack, be without	W7
	castellanus	adj/n.masc	re: castle	W7
	castellum	n.neut	castle, fortress	W7
	castigo, castigāre, castigāvī, castigātus	vb	to castigate	W7
	castrō, castrāre, castrāvī, castrātus	vb	to castrate	RPN
	castrum	n.neut	fortified place	W7
	castus	adj	pure, chaste	W7
	incestum	n.neut	incest	W7
	incestus	adj	impure	W7
	quatio, quatere, quassi, quassus	vb	to shake	W7
Medieval Latin:	castello, castellare, castellavi, castellatus	vb	to fortify	W7
Portuguese:	casta	n.fem	race, lineage	W7
	castigar	vb	to chastise	TLL
	casto	adj	pure, chaste	W7
Spanish:	castigar	vb	to chastise, castigate	TLL
	casto	adj	chaste	TLL
Old French:	chaste	adj	chaste	W7
Old North French:	castel	n.masc	castle	W7
	castelain	n.masc	master of the castle	W7
Middle French:	casse	n.fem	ladle, dripping pan, money box	W7
	cassier	n.masc	money-box	W7
	quasser, casser	vb	to break, annul, smash	W7
French:	chaste	adj	chaste	TLL
	château	n	chateau	TLL
	châtier	vb	to chastise	TLL
Italian:	castigare	vb	to chastise, castigate	TLL
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	kosa	n	scythe	RPN
Russian:	kosá	n	scythe	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	κεάζω	vb	to split, cleave	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	śásati	vb	to cut down, kill, slaughter	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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