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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: klā- 'to lade, place, heap up, lay down'

Semantic Field: to Put, Place, Set, Lay

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hladan	vb.str	to lade	W7/ASD
	hlæst	n.neut	last, load, burden	W7/ASD
Middle English:	laden	vb	to lade	W7
	last	n	last	W7
English:	ballast	n	heavy mass used to improve stability	AHD/W7
	lade	vb	to load, put load/burden in/on	AHD/W7
	last	n	unit of weight/quantity/capacity	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hlada	vb	to lade	ASD
	hlest	n	burden, load	ASD
Dutch:	lade	n	drawer	TLL
Old Saxon:	hladan	vb	to lade	ASD
Low German:	ballast	n	ballast	W7
Old High German:	hladan	vb	to lade, load	W7
	hlast	n	load	W7
German:	Ballast	n.masc	ballast	LRC
	Lade	n	ark, chest	LRC
	laden	vb	to lade	ASD
	Last	n	load, burden	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hlaða	n	barn	KNW
	hlaða	vb	to load, pile	LRC
Icelandic:	hlaða	vb	to lade, build, pile up	ASD
	hlass	n	cart-load	ASD
Danish:	barlast	n	ballast	W7
	lade	n	barn	TLL
	last	n	load, cargo	LRC
Swedish:	barlast	n	ballast	W7
	lada	n	barn	TLL
	last	n	load, cargo	SAO
	låda	n	drawer	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hlaþan	vb	to load	ASD
Slavic
Old Slavic:	klasti	vb	to lade	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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