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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: k̑o-, k̑e-, with the particle k̑e, k̑(e)i-, k̑(i)i̯o- 'this; here'

Semantic Field: Near (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	cé	dem.pron	this	RPN
English
Old English:	behindan	adv/prep	behind	W7/ASD
	hē, hēo/hīe, hit/hyt	pron.3.sg.nom	he, she, it	LRC
	hēo/hī(e)/hȳ	pron.3.pl.nom/acc	they, them	LRC
	heonan/heonon/heonun/hionan	adv	hence	W7/ASD
	hēr	adv	here	LRC
	hider	adv	here, hither	LRC
	hi(e)ra/heora	pron.3.pl.gen	their(s)	LRC
	him, hire, him	pron.3.sg.dat	(to) him, her, it	LRC
	him/heom	pron.3.pl.dat	(to) them	LRC
	hindan	adv	from behind	W7
	hinder	adv	behind	W7
	hindrian	vb.wk	to hinder	W7/ASD
	hine, hēo/hīe, hit/hyt	pron.3.sg.acc	him, her, it	LRC
	his, hire, his	pron.3.sg.gen	his, her(s), its	LRC
Middle English:	behinde/behynd	adv/prep	behind	W7/MEV
	he, hye, it	pron.3.sg.nom	he, she, it	W7
	henne(s)	adv	hence	W7
	here	adv	here	W7
	hider	adv	hither	W7
	him, hire, him	pron.3.sg.dat	(to) him, her, it	OED
	him, hire/heer, hit	pron.3.sg.acc	him, her, it	OED
	hind	adj	hind	W7
	hindren	vb	to hinder	W7
	his, hire, his	pron.3.sg.gen	his, her(s), its	OED
	hither	adv	yonder	W7
English:	behind	adv/prep	in place/time/situation departed from	AHD/W7
	cis-	dem.pfx	on this side	AHD/W7
	he	pron.3.sg.masc	that male	AHD/W7
	hence	adv	away, from this place	AHD/W7
	her	adj	re: female as possessor, agent/object of action	AHD/W7
	here	adv	at/in this place	AHD/W7
	him	pron.3.sg.masc.obj	that male	AHD
	hind	adj	rear, re: part that follows/is behind	AHD/W7
	hinder	vb	to hamper, make progress slow/difficult	AHD/W7
	hindrance	n	act/instance/condition of hindering	AHD
	his	adj/pron.3.sg.masc.poss	re: male as possessor, agent/object of action	AHD/W7
	hither	adv	to this place	AHD/W7
	it	pron.3.sg.neut	that one	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hīr	adv	here	ASD
Dutch:	haar	pron.3.sg.fem.dat/acc	(to) her	TLL
	haar	pron.3.sg.fem.gen	her	TLL
	heden	adv	today	TLL
	hem	pron.3.sg.masc.acc	him	TLL
	hen	pron.3.pl.acc	them	TLL
	het	pron.3.sg.neut	it	TLL
	hij	pron.3.sg.masc	he, it	TLL
	hun	pron.3.pl.dat	(to) them	TLL
	hun	pron.3.pl.gen	their	TLL
Old Saxon:	bihindan	adv	from behind	ASD
	hēr/hier	adv	here	ASD
	hinan	adv	hence	ASD
Old High German:	hē	pron.3.masc	he	W7
	hier/hiar	adv	here	W7/ASD
	hin(n)an	adv	away	W7/ASD
	hintana	adv	from behind	ASD
	hintar/hindar	prep	behind	W7/ASD
	hintarian	vb	to hinder	ASD
German:	hennen	adv	hence	ASD
	herum	adv	around	TLL
	heute	adv	today	TLL
	hier	adv	here	ASD
	hindern	vb	to hinder	ASD
	hinten	adv	from behind	ASD
	hinter	adv	behind	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hann	dem.pron	this one, he	RPN
Icelandic:	hana	pron.3.sg.fem.acc	her, it	TLL
	hann	pron.3.sg.masc.nom/acc	he, him, it	TLL
	hans	pron.3.sg.masc.gen	his, its	TLL
	hennar	pron.3.sg.fem.gen	her(s), its	TLL
	henni	pron.3.sg.fem.dat	(to) her, it	TLL
	hēðra	adv	hither	ASD
	hēr	adv	here	ASD
	hindra	vb	to hinder	ASD
	honum	pron.3.sg.masc.dat	(to) him, it	TLL
	hun	pron.3.sg.fem.nom	she, it	TLL
Danish:	ham	pron.3.sg.masc.dat/acc	(to) him	TLL
	han	pron.3.sg.masc.nom	he, it	TLL
	hans	pron.3.sg.masc.gen	his	TLL
	hende	pron.3.sg.fem.dat/acc	(to) her	TLL
	hendes	pron.3.sg.fem.gen	her	TLL
	hun	pron.3.sg.fem.nom	she, it	TLL
Swedish:	han	pron.3.sg.masc.nom	he, it	TLL
	hans	pron.3.sg.masc.gen	his	TLL
	henne	pron.3.sg.fem.dat/acc	(to) her	TLL
	hennes	pron.3.sg.fem.gen	her	TLL
	hon	pron.3.sg.fem.nom	she, it	TLL
	honom	pron.3.sg.masc.dat/acc	(to) him	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hēr	adv	here	LRC
	hi-	pron.stem	this	RPN
	hidre	adv	hither, to here	W7/GED
	hindana	adv	beyond	ASD
	hindar	adv	behind	ASD
	hiri	interj	come here!	RPN
Italic
Latin:	cis/ci-/ce-/-ce	dem.pron/prep/pfx/sfx	this; here; on this side	W7
	citra	adv/prep	on this side (of), without	LRC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	šìs, šì	dem.pron	this	LRC
	šìtas, šità	pron	this	LRC
	štaĩ	pcl	here	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	sь	dem.adj/pron	this	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	ekeinos	dem.pron	that person	W7
	*κε-	dem.pron.stem	that	RPN
Anatolian
Hittite:	ka-a-aš	dem.pron	this, that	RPN
	ki-i	dem.pron.nom/acc.neut	this, that	RPN
Palaic:	ka-	dem.pron	this (one)	RPN
	ki-i-at	adv	here	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dat	=	dative (case)
dem	=	demonstrative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
gen	=	genitive (case)
interj	=	interjection
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
nom	=	nominative (case)
obj	=	objective (case)
pcl	=	particle
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
poss	=	possessive (case)
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
sfx	=	suffix
sg	=	singular (number)
stem	=	stem
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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