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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ku̯elp-, ku̯elb- : ku̯l̥p/b- : klup/b- 'to stumble, buckle at the knees; to trot'

Semantic Field: to Fall

Comment: Germanic root hlaupan 'leap' (in AHD)?

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hlēapan, hlēop, hlēopon/hlupon, hlēapen	vb.str	to leap	W7/ASD
Middle English:	lepen	vb	to leap	W7
	loup/lope	n	leap, lope	W7
English:	elope	vb	to run away with lover	AHD/W7
	interloper	n	meddler, intruder, encroacher	AHD/W7
	leap, leapt	vb.wk	to jump, spring free from the ground	AHD/W7
	leap	n	spring, bound, act of jumping	AHD/W7
	lope	n	easy natural bounding gait	W7
	lope	vb	to go/move/ride at a lope	W7
	orlop	n	lowest deck of ship	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hlāpa	vb	to leap	ASD
Middle Dutch:	loopen	vb	to leap, lope	AHD
Dutch:	loop	n	course	TLL
	lopen	vb	to lope	TLL
Old Saxon:	a-hlōpan	vb	to leap	ASD
Old High German:	hlouf(f)an/hlaufen	vb	to leap, lope	AHD/W7/ASD
German:	Lauf	n	course	TLL
	laufen	vb.str	to run, lope	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hlaup	n	leap	W7
	hlaupa	vb	to leap, spring; mount, climb; lope	LRC
Icelandic:	hlaupa	vb	to leap, lope	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	us-hlaupan	vb	to leap up	ASD
Italic
Anglo-French:	aloper	vb	to elope	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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