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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. leig-, leig̑- 'to tie, bind, ligate'

Semantic Field: to Bind

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	alay	n	alloy	AHD
	allien	vb	to ally	W7
	leche	n	leech	W7
	ligament	n	ligament	W7
	ligature	n	ligature	W7
	obligen	vb	to oblige	W7
	relien	vb	to rally	W7
	religioun	n	religion	W7
English:	alloy	n	fineness, comparative purity re: mixture with base metal(s)	AHD/W7
	alloy	vb	to reduce purity by mixing with other metal(s)	W7
	ally	vb	to associate, unite/form connection between	AHD/W7
	colligate	vb.trans	to bind/group/unite together	AHD/W7
	furl	vb	to wrap/roll (sail/flag) around/close to something	AHD/W7
	league	n	association of nations/political entities	AHD/W7
	leech	n	vertical edge of square sail	AHD/W7
	legato	adv	smooth, with successive tones connected (music)	AHD/W7
	liable	adj	responsible, obligated by law/equity	AHD/W7
	liaison	n	interrelationship, close bond/connection	AHD/W7
	liana	n	climbing woody vine	AHD/W7
	lien	n	charge on real/personal property for debt satisfaction	AHD/W7
	ligament	n	tough tissue band connecting bones/supporting organs	AHD/W7
	ligate	vb.trans	to tie with ligature	AHD/W7
	ligature	n	something used to tie/bind	AHD/W7
	oblige	vb	to compel, force	AHD/W7
	rally	vb	to muster for common purpose	AHD/W7
	religion	n	service/worship of God/supernatural	AHD/W7
	rely	vb.intrans	to trust, have confidence	AHD/W7
Scots English:	ligg	n	league	W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	alloi	n	alloy	TLL
Middle Low German:	līk	n	bolt-rope	W7
Middle High German:	geleich	n	joint	W7
German:	Religion	n.fem	religion	LRC
Italic
Latin:	alligo, alligāre	vb	to bind	W7
	colligo, colligare, colligavi, colligatus	vb	to bind together	W7
	ligamen	n.neut	band, tie	W7
	ligamentum	n.neut	band, tie, ligament	W7
	ligo, ligāre, ligāvī, ligātus	vb	to tie, bind	W7
	obligo, obligare	vb	to bind to	W7
	religio, religionis	n.fem	religion, reverence, scrupulousness	W7
	religo, religare	vb	to tie back	W7
Late Latin:	ligatura	n.fem	ligature	W7
Medieval Latin:	ligamentum	n.neut	ligament	W7
Portuguese:	ligar	vb	to ligate	TLL
Spanish:	ligar	vb	to ligate	TLL
Old French:	alier	vb	to unite	W7
	lier	vb	to bind	W7
	obliger	vb	to oblige	W7
	ralier	vb	to rally	W7
Old North French:	allai	n	alloy	AHD
	allayer	vb	to alloy	AHD
	ferlier	vb	to tie tightly	W7
Anglo-French:	liable	adj	liable, bound	W7
Middle French:	aloi	n.masc	alloy, combination (of metals)	W7
	aloier	vb	to combine	W7
	ferler	vb	to tie tightly	W7
	liaison	n.fem	liaison	W7
	lien	n.masc	band, binding	W7
	lier	vb	to bind	W7
	ligature	n.fem	ligature, binding	W7
	ligue	n.fem	league of countries, tribes, etc.	W7
	relier	vb	to rally, connect	W7
French:	aloi	n	alloy	AHD
	liaison	n.fem	liaison, connection, link	W7
	liane	n.fem	liana	W7
	lier	vb	to tie	W7
	rallier	vb	to rally	W7
Old Italian:	liga	n.fem	league	W7
	ligare	vb	to bind	W7
Italian:	legare	vb	to ligate	TLL
	legato	n.masc	legacy	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	lith	vb	to tie	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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