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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. leug- 'to bend'

Semantic Field: to Bend

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	belūcan, belēac, belucon, belocen	vb.str.II	to lock, shut, close	LRC
	lé(a)c/lǣc	n.neut	leek, garden herb	KEW/ASD
	loc	n.neut	lock: fastening	W7/ASD
	locc	n.masc	lock: hair	W7/ASD
	lūcan, lēac, lucon, locen	vb.str.II	to lock	LRC
Middle English:	leek	n	leek	W7
	lok	n	lock: hair/fastening	W7
English:	Leaflock	prop.n	Ent a.k.a. Finglas in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	leek	n	biennial garden herb in lily family	W7
	lock	n	bolt, bar, fastening (operated e.g. by key)	W7
	lock	n	tuft/tress/ringlet of hair	W7
	lock	vb	to close/fasten/secure with lock	W7
	lockhole	n	hobbit lock-up in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	lūka	vb	to lock, close	ASD
Old Saxon:	ant-lūkan	vb	to lock, close	ASD
	bi-lūkan	vb	to lock, close	ASD
	lôk	n	leek	KSW
Old High German:	loc(c)	n	lock: hair	W7/ASD
	loh	n.neut	lock: fastening	W7/ASD
	louh	n	leek	KDW
	lūhhan	vb	to lock, close	ASD
German:	Lauch	n	leek	LRC
	Locke	n	lock: hair	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	laukr	n.masc	leek; plant	LRC
	lúka	vb	to end, finish, use up	LRC
Old Icelandic:	lok	n.neut	lock: fastening	IEW
Icelandic:	lok	n	conclusion	ASD
	loka	n	lock, latch	ASD
	lokkr	n	lock: hair	ASD
	lúka	vb	to lock, close	ASD
Danish:	løg	n	onion	TLL
Swedish:	lock	n	lid, cover	LRC
	lök	n	onion	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	galūkan	vb.str.II	to lock	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
KSW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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