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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: mad- 'to drip; wet; fat, glossy, well-fed'

Semantic Field: Wet, Damp

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gemetta	n	guest at table	W7
	mæst	n	mast	W7/ASD
	mete/mæte	n.masc	meat	W7/ASD
Middle English:	mast	n	mast	W7
	mate	n	mate	W7
	mete	n	meat	W7
English:	casemate	n	armored/fortified place where guns are mounted	AHD/W7
	mast	n	nuts accumulated on forest floor	AHD/W7
	mastoid	adj	pterotic; teat-like, nipple-shaped	CDC
	mate	n	companion, associate	AHD/W7
	matte	n	metal mixed with its sulfides	AHD
	meat	n	food	AHD/W7
	meathead	n	dull/stupid person	AHD
	muesli	n	mixture of untoasted rolled oats/dried fruit	AHD
	musth	n	periodic frenzy of bull elephant during rut	AHD/W7
	myna	n	Asiatic starling	AHD/W7
	sternocleidomastoid	n	neck muscle that rotates head	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	mete	n	meat	ASD
Old Saxon:	meti	n	meat	ASD
Middle Low German:	māt	n	mate	W7
Old High German:	mast	n	mast	ASD
	maz	n.neut	food	W7/ASD
German:	Mast	n.fem	mast	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	matr	n.masc	food, meal	LRC
Icelandic:	matr	n	meat	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	matjan	vb.wk.I	to eat	LRC
	mats	n	meat	ASD
Italic
Latin:	madeo, madēre	vb	to be wet, drunk	W7
French:	matte	n	matte	AHD
Old Italian:	casamatta	n.fem	casemate	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	madaros	adj	wet	W7
	μαστός	n.masc	breast	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	madana	n	Asiatic starling	W7
Hindi:	mast	adj	intoxicated	W7
	mainā	n	Asiatic starling	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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