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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: māk̑- : mək̑- 'long and slender'

Semantic Field: Long

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	mæger	adj	meager	W7
Middle English:	megre	adj	meager	W7
English:	amphimacer	n	metrical foot: long + short + long syllable	AHD/W7
	emaciate	vb	to lose flesh, become very thin	AHD/W7
	macr(o)-	pfx	long, large	LRC
	macron	n	mark placed over vowel to indicate length/stress	AHD/W7
	meager	adj	lean, thin, having little flesh	AHD/W7
	paramecium	n	ciliate protozoan with elongated body	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	mager	adj	meager	ASD
Old High German:	magar	adj	meager	ASD
German:	mager	adj	meager	ASD
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	magr	adj	meager	ASD
Danish:	mager	adj	meager	ASD
Swedish:	mager	adj	meager	ASD
Italic
Latin:	amphimacrus	adj	long at both ends	W7
	emacio, emaciāre, emaciāvī, emaciātus	vb	to emaciate, pale	W7
	mācer, mācra, mācrum	adj	meager	W7
	māciēs	n.fem	leanness	W7
New Latin:	paramecium	n.neut	genus of ciliate protozoans	W7
Middle French:	maigre	adj	meager	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	amphimakros	adj	long at both ends	W7
	μακάριος	adj	blessed	LRC
	μακροθυμέω	vb	to be longsuffering	LRC
	makron	n.neut	macron	W7
	makros	adj	long, big	W7
	mēkos	n.neut	length	W7
	paramēkēs	adj	oblong	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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