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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. med- 'to mete, allot; medicate, give advice'

Semantic Fields: to Measure; to Explain

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ǣmetta/æmta/emta	n.masc	rest, leisure	W7/ASD
	ǣmettig/æm(e)tig/æmteg/em(e)tig	adj	vacant, unoccupied, unmarried	W7/ASD
	gemǣte	adj	meet	W7
	metan	vb	to mete	W7
	metod	n.masc	creator	LRC
	-metta	sfx	empty	W7
	mōtan	vb.mod.ptpr	must, may, be allowed	W7
Middle English:	commodious	adj	commodious	W7
	commoditee	n	commodity	W7
	empty	adj	empty	W7
	immoderat	adj	immoderate	W7
	medicine	n	medicine	W7
	mete	adj	meet	W7
	meten	vb	to mete	W7
	moderate	adj	moderate	W7
	modicum	n	modicum	W7
	moede	n	mode	W7
	mold	n	mold	W7
	moten	vb.mod	must, may, be allowed	W7
	remedie	n	remedy	W7
English:	accommodate	vb	to adapt, make fit/suitable	AHD/W7
	commode	n	woman's ornate cap (popular ca. 17th-18th centuries)	AHD/W7
	commodious	adj	handy, convenient, serviceable	AHD/W7
	commodity	n	advantage, convenience	AHD/W7
	Diomedes	prop.n	hero of the Trojan War (Homer's Iliad)	LRC
	empty	adj	containing nothing	AHD/W7
	immoderate	adj	subject to extremes in behavior/expression	AHD/W7
	immodest	adj	not modest	AHD/W7
	medical	adj	re: physicians/practice of medicine	AHD/W7
	medicate	vb.trans	to treat medicinally	AHD/W7
	medicine	n	substance/preparation used to treat disease	AHD/W7
	medico	n	physician, medical practitioner	AHD/W7
	meditate	vb	to contemplate, reflect on/muse over	AHD/W7
	meet	adj	proper, suitable	AHD/W7
	mete	vb.trans	to measure, allot	AHD/W7
	metheglin	n	mead, beverage made of fermented honey	AHD/W7
	modal	adj	re: modality in logic/language	AHD/W7
	mode	n	arrangement of 8 diatonic notes/tones of octave according to intervals	AHD/W7
	mode	n	prevailing style/fashion of dress/behavior	AHD/W7
	model	n	set of plans for building	AHD/W7
	moderate	adj	avoiding extremes of behavior/expression, observing reasonable limits	AHD/W7
	modern	adj	contemporary, re: present/immediate past	AHD/W7
	modest	adj	re: moderate estimate of one's worth/abilities	AHD/W7
	modicum	n	small portion	AHD/W7
	modiolus	n	central bony core of cochlea	AHD
	modulate	vb	to tune to key/pitch	AHD/W7
	module	n	unit/standard of measurement	AHD/W7
	modulus	n	numerical constant/coefficient expressing degree to which property is present	AHD/W7
	mold	n	type, distinctive nature/character	AHD/W7
	mote	vb.aux	may	AHD/W7
	moulage	n	(taking of) impression used as evidence in criminal investigation	AHD/W7
	must	vb.aux	to be commanded/requested to	AHD/W7
	mutchkin	n	Scotch unit of liquid measure	AHD/W7
	remedy	n	medicine/application to cure/relieve disease/symptoms	AHD/W7
Scots English:	muchekyn	n	mutchkin	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	meta	vb	to mete	ASD
	mōt	vb.mod	must, may, be allowed	ASD
Dutch:	mode	n	mode: fashion	TLL
	moet	vb.mod.1/3.sg	(I/he) must	TLL
Old Saxon:	mōt	vb.mod	must, may, be allowed	ASD
Old Low German:	metan	vb	to mete	ASD
Old High German:	ge-māzer	adj	meet	ASD
	mez(z)an	vb	to mete	W7/ASD
	muozan	vb.mod.ptpr	must, have to, be allowed to	W7
German:	gemäss	prep	according to	TLL
	messen	vb	to mete	ASD
	Mode	n.fem	mode: fashion	TLL
	muss	vb.mod.1/3.sg	(I/he) must	TLL
	müssen	vb.mod	must	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	mjǫtuðr	n.masc	dispenser of fate	LRC
Icelandic:	meta	vb	to mete	ASD
Danish:	mode	n	mode: fashion	TLL
Swedish:	mod	n	mode: fashion	TLL
	måste	vb.mod.1/3.sg	(I/he) must	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gamōt	vb.mod	must, may, be allowed	ASD
	mitan	vb	to mete	ASD
	mitōn	vb.wk.II	to think, consider	LRC
Italic
Latin:	accommodo, accommodare	vb	to fit, adjust, accommodate	AHD/CLD
	commoditas, commoditatis	n.fem	proportion, kindness, convenience	W7
	commodum	n.neut	commodity, opportunity	W7
	commodus	adj	friendly, convenient	W7
	Diomedes	n.masc	Diomedes	W7
	immoderatus	adj	immoderate, without measure	W7
	immodestus	adj	vain, immodest, extravagant	W7
	medeor, medēri	vb.dep	to heal	W7
	medicina	n.fem	medicine	W7
	medicinus	adj	of a physician	W7
	medico, medicare, medicavi, medicatus	vb	to heal	W7
	medicus	n.masc	physician	W7
	meditor, meditāri, meditātus	vb.dep	to meditate	W7
	moderō, moderāre, moderāvī, moderātus	vb	to moderate	W7
	modestus	adj	modest, convenable	W7
	modicus, modica, modicum	adj	moderate	W7
	modo	adv	in this measure	W7
	modulor, modulari, modulatus	vb.dep	to play, sing	W7
	modulus	n.masc	small measure, rhythm	W7
	modus, modi	n.masc	kind, manner; measure, musical mode	LRC
	remedium	n.neut	cure, remedy	W7
Vulgar Latin:	modellus	n.masc	small measure	W7
Late Latin:	medicalis	adj	of medicine	W7
	modernus	adj	of the present	W7
Medieval Latin:	commodiosus	adj	convenient	W7
	modalis	adj	modal	W7
New Latin:	modulus	n.masc	modulus	W7
Spanish:	médico	n.masc	physician	W7
Old French:	medicine	n.fem	medicine	W7
	modle	n.fem	mold	W7
Anglo-French:	remedie	n.masc	remedy	W7
Middle French:	commodieux	adj	commodious	W7
	commodité	n.fem	commodity	W7
	modelle	n.masc	model, measure	W7
	moulage	n.masc	moulage	W7
	mouler	vb	to mold	W7
French:	commode	adj	convenient	W7
	médical	adj	medical	W7
	mode	n.fem	fashion	W7
	moulage	n.masc	decoration made by moulding	W7
Old Italian:	modello	n.masc	model, measure	W7
Italian:	mèdico	n.masc	physician	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	Diomēdēs	prop.n.masc	Diomedes	W7
	Μη̃δος	prop.n.masc	Mede	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	mad-	n	healer	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
3	=	3rd person
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
aux	=	auxiliary
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
mod	=	modal
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
ptpr	=	preterite-present (verb)
sfx	=	suffix
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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