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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 6. mel-, melə- 'dark color (black, dirty, etc.)'

Semantic Fields: Dark in Color; Black; Dirty, Soiled

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	molet	n	mullet	W7
English:	maulstick	n	stick used by painters to rest hand while working	AHD/W7
	melena	n	digestive tract hemorrhage resulting in black tarry stool/vomit	AHD
	mule	n	slipper without quarter/counter	AHD/W7
	mullet	n	valuable food fish	AHD/W7
	psilomelane	n	hydrous black manganese oxide	AHD
	surmullet	n	mullet	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	maalstok	n	maulstick	W7
	malen	vb	to paint	W7
German:	malen	vb	to paint	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	mēljan	vb.wk.I	to enroll, register	LRC
Italic
Latin:	mulleus	n.masc	shoe worn by magistrates	W7
	mullus	n.masc	red mullet	W7
Middle French:	mule	n.fem	little shoe	W7
	mulet	n.masc	donkey	W7
French:	surmulet	n.masc	surmullet	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	μέλαν	adj	black	LRC
	myllos	n.masc	red mullet	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	malina	adj	dirty, black	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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