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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: neu-d- 'to grasp, make use of'

Semantic Fields: to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of; to Use

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	genēat	n.masc	retainer, companion	LRC
	nēat	n.neut	neat	LRC
	nēotan, nēat, nudon, noden	vb.str.II	to use, employ	LRC
	nīotan	vb.str.II	to use, employ	ASD
	nyt-wyrðe	adj	useful	LRC
Middle English:	neet	n	neat	W7
English:	Huguenot	prop.n	member of French Reformed communion	AHD/W7
	matelot(t)e	n	fish stewed in wine sauce	AHD/W7
	neat	n.sg/pl	common domestic bovine(s)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	nāt	n	neat	ASD
	niata	vb	to use	ASD
Middle Dutch:	mattenoot	n	bed-fellow	AHD
Old Saxon:	niotan	vb	to use	ASD
Old High German:	ganōz	n	companion, associate	ASD
	niuzan	vb	to use	ASD
	nōz	n	neat	W7
German:	Genoss(e)	n	companion, associate	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	mötunautr	n	mess-mate	AHD
	njóta	vb	to benefit, derive benefit from	LRC
Icelandic:	naut	n	neat	ASD
	nautr	n	companion, associate	ASD
	njóta	vb	to use	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	niutan	vb	to use	ASD
Italic
Old French:	matenot	n	sailor, bunkmate	W7
Middle French:	Huguenot	prop.n	Huguenot, French Protestant	W7
French:	matelot	n	sailor	W7
	matelote	n	matelote	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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