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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: oi-no-, oi-u̯o- (demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)

Semantic Field: One

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	oīn/oen	adj/nbr.card	single, one (1)	EIE/AHD
Irish:	aon	nbr.card	one (1)	LRC
Scots Gaelic:	aon	nbr.card	one (1)	LRC
Manx:	un/nane	nbr.card	one (1)	LRC
Welsh:	un	art.indef;nbr.card	a, an; one (1)	EIE
English
Old English:	ǣnlic/ānlic	adj	only, singular, elegant	ASD
	ǣnlice	adv	only, singularly, elegantly	ASD
	ān	adj/adv	alone, single; only	LRC
	ān	nbr.card	one (1)	W7
	ān-boren	adj	only-born, only-begotten	ASD
	āni/ǣneg/ǣnig	adj	any (single)	ASD
	endleofan	nbr.card	eleven, lit. one-left	W7
	nān	adj/pron	no, none, lit. not one	W7/ASD
	ynce	n.masc	inch	W7
Middle English:	alone	adj	alone	W7
	a(n)	art.indef	a, an	W7
	anely	adj/adv	only	MEV
	anon(e)	adv	anon, at once, immediately	W7/MEV
	any/ani	adj	any	W7/MEV
	atonen	vb	to atone, become reconciled	W7
	enleven	nbr.card	eleven (11)	W7
	inch	n	inch	W7
	lone	adj	lone	W7
	(n)anes	n	nonce	W7
	none	pron	none	W7
	on(e)	nbr.card	one	W7
	ones	adv	once	W7
	ounce	n	ounce	W7
	uni-	pfx	uni-	W7
	union	n	union	W7
	unite	n	unity	W7
	uniten	vb	to unite	W7
English:	a	art.indef	an, one	AHD/W7
	alone	adj	lone, unique, isolated	AHD/W7
	an	art.indef	a, one	AHD/W7
	Anborn	prop.n	Ithilien ranger in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	anon	adv	soon, presently	AHD/W7
	Anson	prop.n	hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	any	adj	one indiscriminately (of whatever kind)	AHD/W7
	atone	vb	to reconcile	AHD/W7
	coadunate	adj	united	AHD/W7
	einkorn	n	early cultivated single-grain wheat	AHD
	eleven	nbr.card	11, lit. one-left	AHD/W7
	inch	n	unit of length: 1/12 foot	AHD/W7
	lone	adj	solitary, having no company	AHD/W7
	lonely	adj	lone, alone, desolate, solitary	AHD
	nonce	n	one/present/particular use/purpose/occasion	AHD/W7
	none	pron	not any, lit. not one	AHD/W7
	once	adv	one time (but no more)	AHD/W7
	one	nbr.card	1, re: single unit/thing	AHD/W7
	onion	n	Asiatic herb (lily) with pungent edible bulb	W7
	only	adj/adv	sole, peerless; solely, merely	W7
	ounce	n	unit of weight: 1/16 pound	AHD/W7
	quincunx	n	five twelfths (of a unit)	AHD/W7
	triune	n	trinity, lit. three in one	AHD/W7
	uncial	adj	re: European book style of writing (4th-8th centuries AD)	AHD/W7
	uni-	pfx	one, single	AHD/W7
	union	n	joining/uniting multiple parts into one	AHD/W7
	unique	adj	sole, single	AHD/W7
	unite	n	old British 20-shilling gold piece	AHD/W7
	unite	vb	to assemble into single unit	AHD/W7
	unity	n	oneness, state/quality of being united	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	andlova/elleva	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
Frisian:	alue/alve	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
Dutch:	ui	n	onion	TLL
Old Saxon:	ellevan	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
	nēn	adj/pron	no, none	ASD
Old High German:	ein	art.indef/nbr.card	a, an; one (1)	EIE
	einag	adj	any	W7
	einlif	nbr.card	eleven, lit. one-left	W7
	nein	adj	not one	ASD
Middle High German:	einlef/einlif	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
German:	e(i)lf	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
	ein	art.indef/nbr.card	a, an; one (1)	LRC
	Einkorn	n.neut	einkorn, lit. single-grain	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	einga	adj	sole, only	LRC
	einka	adv	specially, particularly	IEW
	einn	nbr.card	one (1)	EIE
Icelandic:	ellifu	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
	neinn	adj/pron	no, none, lit. not one	ASD
Danish:	elleve	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
Swedish:	elfva	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ainlif	nbr.card	eleven (11)	ASD
	ains	adj/nbr.card	alone, single; one (1)	EIE
Italic
Old Latin:	oinos/oenos	adj/nbr.card	alone, single; one (1)	W7/ELD
Latin:	quincunx, quincuncis	adj	five uncia's	W7
	ūnā	adv	together, at/in same time/place	LRC
	uncia	n.fem	1/12 of a unit: inch, ounce	W7
	uncialis	adj	inch-high	W7
	uni-	pfx	uni-	W7
	unicus	adj	unique	W7
	unitas, unitatis	n.fem	unity	W7
	ūnus, ūna, ūnum	adj/nbr.card	alone, single; one (1)	W7/ELD
Late Latin:	aduno, adunāre	vb	to unite	W7
	coaduno, coadunare, coadunavi, coadunatus	vb	to combine	W7
	ūniō, ūniōnis	n.fem	union, oneness; large pearl	W7
	unio, unīre	vb	to unite	W7
	unitus	vb.ptc	united	W7
	unus	nbr.card	one (1)	W7
Spanish:	aunque	conj	although	TLL
Old French:	unité	n.fem	unity	W7
Middle French:	unce	n.fem	ounce, 1/12 part	W7
	uni-	pfx	uni-	W7
	union	n.fem	union	W7
French:	unique	adj	unique, single	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	ains	nbr.card	one (1)	EIE
Lithuanian:	víenas, vienà	adj/pron/nbr.card	each, alone; one (1)	IEW
Latvian:	viêns	adj/pron/nbr.card	each, alone; one (1)	EIE
	viņš	pron	he	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ino-rogŭ	n	unicorn	EIE
	inъ	adj/pron/nbr.card	(an)other; one (1)	IEW
Russian:	odín-	pfx	uni-	EIE
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	εʽι̃ς, ʽέν	adj/nbr.card	alone, single; one (1)	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	aiva-	adj/nbr.card	alone, one (1)	EIE
Avestan:	aēva-	nbr.card	one (1)	EIE
Indic
Sanskrit:	éka-	nbr.card	one (1)	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
art	=	article/determiner
card	=	cardinal
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
indef	=	indefinite
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pron	=	pronoun
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
EIE	=	J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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