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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ok̑tō(u) 'eight, octad'

Semantic Field: Number

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	ocht	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	ochtmad	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Irish:	ocht	nbr.card	eight (8)	LRC
Scots Gaelic:	ochd	nbr.card	eight (8)	LRC
Manx:	hoght	nbr.card	eight (8)	LRC
Welsh:	wyth	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	wythfed	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
English
Old English:	e(a)hta/ahta/æhta	nbr.card	eight (8)	W7/ASD
	eahtatīene	nbr.card	eighteen (18)	W7
	eahtatig	nbr.card	eighty (80)	W7
	eahteða/eahtoða	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
	hundeahtatig	nbr.card	hundred eighty (180)	W7
Middle English:	eighte	nbr.card	eight (8)	W7
	eightetene	nbr.card	eighteen (18)	W7
	eighty	nbr.card	eighty (80)	W7
	octave	n	octave	W7
	Octobre	prop.n	October	W7
English:	eight	nbr.card	8	AHD/W7
	eighteen	nbr.card	18	AHD/W7
	eightfold	adj	8 times the number/quantity	AHD
	eighty	nbr.card	80	AHD/W7
	octad	n	group/sequence of eight	AHD
	octahedron	n	solid with 8 plane faces	W7
	Octans	prop.n	southern circumpolar constellation	AHD
	octant	n	position/aspect of celestial body distant from another by 45 degrees	AHD/W7
	octastyle	adj/n	(re:) building having 8 columns in front	AHD/CDC
	octave	n	eight day period beginning with festival day	AHD/W7
	octavo	n	(size of) piece of paper: 1/8 of full sheet	AHD/W7
	octet	n	(composition for) 8 voices/instruments	AHD
	oct(o)-	pfx	eight	AHD/W7
	October	prop.n	10th month (in Gregorian calendar)	AHD/W7
	octodecimo	n	eighteenmo: 1/18th sheet of paper	AHD/W7
	octogenarian	n	person in his/her eighties	AHD/W7
	octonary	adj/n	(re:) set/group of eight	AHD
	octothorpe	n	hash (#) symbol	AHD
	octuple	adj/n	(re:) eightfold amount/number	AHD
	Oktoberfest	prop.n	autumn festival emphasizing merrymaking and beer-drinking	AHD
	trisoctahedron	n	regular solid with 24 congruent faces	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	achta/acht(e)	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Dutch:	acht	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Old Saxon:	ahto	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Old High German:	ahtō	nbr.card	eight (8)	W7/ASD
	ahtodo	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Middle High German:	aht/eht	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
German:	acht	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
	Oktober	n.masc	October	LRC
	Oktoberfest	prop.n.neut	Oktoberfest	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	átta	nbr.card	eight (8)	LRC
	ātti	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
	áttrœðr	adj	eighty years old	LRC
Icelandic:	ātta	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Danish:	otte	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Swedish:	åtta	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ahtau	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Crimean Gothic:	*aþe/athe	nbr.card	eight (8)	CGo
Italic
Latin:	octans, octantis	adj/vb.ptc	eighth of a circle	W7
	octava	n.fem	eighth hour	W7
	octavus, octava, octavum	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	W7
	octō	nbr.card	eight (8)	W7
	October	prop.n.masc	October, eighth month (in Roman calendar)	W7
	octodecim	nbr.card	eighteen (18)	W7
	octodecimus	nbr.ord	eighteenth (18th)	W7
	octogenarius	adj	containing eighty	W7
	octogeni	adv	eighty each	W7
	octoginta	nbr.card	eighty (80)	W7
Medieval Latin:	octava	nbr.ord.fem	eighth (8th)	W7
Portuguese:	oito	nbr.card	eight (8)	TLL
Spanish:	ocho	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Old French:	Octobre	n.masc	October	W7
French:	huit	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Italian:	otto	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Baltic
Old Prussian:	asman	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Lithuanian:	ãšmas/aštuñtas	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
	aštuoni	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
Latvian:	astôtais	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
	astuôni	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	osmĭ	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	osmŭ	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Russian:	vósem	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	vosĭmój	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Albanian
Albanian:	tetë	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	tetë(t)	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ὀγδόατος	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Greek:	ʼόγδοος	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
	ὀκτώ	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
Armenian
Armenian:	ut'	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
Iranian
Avestan:	ašta	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	aštəma-	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Indic
Sanskrit:	aṣṭamá-	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
	ashtan	nbr.card	eight (8)	ASD
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	okt	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	oktante	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE
Tocharian A:	okät	nbr.card	eight (8)	EIE
	oktänt	nbr.ord	eighth (8th)	EIE

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
card	=	cardinal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ord	=	ordinal
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
EIE	=	J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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