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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. pē̆d- 'foot'

Semantic Field: Foot

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	feccan	vb	to fetch	W7
	fetian	vb	to fetch	W7
	fōt	n.masc	foot	LRC
	trefet	n	trivet	W7
Middle English:	empechen	vb	to impeach	W7
	empeiren	vb	to impair	W7
	fecchen	vb	to fetch	W7
	feter	n	fetter	W7
	fetlak	n	fetlock	W7
	fitlok	n	fetlock	W7
	fot	n	foot	W7
	paun	n	pawn	W7
	pewe	n	pew	W7
	trevet	n	trivet	W7
	vampe	n	sock	W7
English:	apodal	adj	having no feet/analogous appendages	AHD/W7
	appoggiatura	n	embellishing note/tone preceding essential melodic note/tone	AHD/W7
	cypripedium	n	leafy-stemmed terrestrial orchid	AHD/W7
	diapedesis	n	blood cell passage through capillaries into tissues	AHD/W7
	expedite	vb.trans	to execute promptly	AHD/W7
	fetch	vb	to go/come after and bring/take back	AHD/W7
	fetlock	n	projection bearing hair tuft on back of leg above hoof (of horse)	AHD/W7
	fetter	n	chain/shackle for foot/feet	AHD/W7
	foot	n	end of vertebrate leg upon which individual stands	AHD/W7
	impair	vb.trans	to damage, diminish in value/strength/quantity	AHD/W7
	impeach	vb.trans	to bring accusation against	AHD/W7
	impeccable	adj	not able/liable to sin	AHD/W7
	impede	vb.trans	to block, interfere with progress of	AHD/W7
	lycopodium	n	erect/creeping club moss	AHD/W7
	millipede	n	myriopod having cylindrical segmented body	AHD/W7
	octopus	n	8-armed cephalopod mollusk	AHD/W7
	Oedipus	prop.n	man who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother (Greek mythology)	LRC
	pajama(s)	n	loose lightweight trousers	AHD/W7
	parallelepiped	n	prism with parallelogram bases	AHD/W7
	pawn	n	something delivered/deposited as security for loan	AHD/W7
	peccadillo	n	slight offense	AHD/W7
	peccant	adj	sinning, guilty of moral offense	AHD/W7
	peccavi	n	acknowledgment of sin	AHD/W7
	-ped	n.sfx	foot	AHD/W7
	pedal	adj	re: foot	AHD/W7
	pedal	n	lever acted on by foot	AHD/W7
	pedate	adj	having a foot	AHD/W7
	pedestrian	adj	commonplace, unimaginative	AHD/W7
	pedicel	n	slender plant stalk	AHD/W7
	peduncle	n	stalk bearing flower (cluster)	AHD/W7
	peon	n	Indian/Ceylonese worker	AHD/W7
	pes	n	distal segment of hind limb of vertebrate	AHD/W7
	pessimism	n	inclination to emphasize adversity	AHD/W7
	pew	n	compartment (in church) providing several seats	AHD/W7
	phalarope	n	small shore bird resembling sandpiper	AHD/W7
	pie	n	early monetary unit of India/Pakistan	AHD/W7
	pilot	n	helmsman, one employed to steer ship	AHD/W7
	pioneer	n	member of military unit of construction engineers	AHD/W7
	platypus	n	small aquatic oviparous mammal	AHD/W7
	-pod	n.sfx	(part resembling) foot	AHD/W7
	podiatry	n	chiropody	AHD/W7
	polyp	n	coelenterate having typically hollow cylindrical body	AHD/W7
	pug	n	footprint	AHD/W7
	rhizopus	n	mold fungus causing decay	AHD/W7
	teapoy	n	3-legged ornamental stand	AHD/W7
	trapezium	n	quadrilateral with no parallel sides	AHD/W7
	trivet	n	tripod, 3-legged stand	AHD/W7
	vamp	n	part of shoe/boot-upper covering forepart of foot	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	fuoz	n	foot	LRC
German:	Fuß	n.masc	foot	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	feta	vb	to step, proceed in	LRC
	fótr	n.masc	foot; leg	LRC
	heim	adv	home, to(wards) the house	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fōtus	n.str.masc	foot	LRC
Italic
Umbrian:	persom-e	n	ground	RPN
	peřum	n	ground	RPN
Latin:	expedio, expedire	vb	to arrange, replace, set free	W7
	expeditus	vb.ptc	arranged, replaced, set free	W7
	impeccabilis	adj	incapable of fault	W7
	impedio, impedīre	vb	to impede	W7
	millepeda	n.fem	small crawling animal	W7
	Oedipus	n.masc	Oedipus	W7
	oppidum, oppidi	n.neut	city	LRC
	peccans	adj/vb.ptc	sinning, making a mistake	W7
	peccant-	stem	sinning, making a mistake	W7
	peccatum	n.neut	sin, mistake	W7
	peccatus	vb.ptc	having sinned/made a mistake	W7
	pecco, peccāre	vb	to sin, stumble, commit a fault	W7
	ped-	stem	foot	W7
	pedalis	adj	of the feet	W7
	pedatus	adj	ill set on its feet	W7
	pedes	n.masc	one going on foot	W7
	pedester	adj	going on foot	W7
	pedestr-	stem	going on foot	W7
	pedica	n.fem	fetter, trap	W7
	pediculus	n.masc	little foot	W7
	pēs, pedis	n.masc	foot	RPN
	pessimus	adj.sup	worst	W7
	podium	n.neut	podium, parapet	W7
	polypus	n.masc	polyp, octopus	W7
Late Latin:	Cypris	prop.n.fem	Venus	W7
	impedico, impedicāre	vb	to fetter	W7
	pejoro, pejorāre	vb	to make worse	W7
	triped-	stem	three-footed	W7
	tripes	adj	three-footed	W7
Medieval Latin:	pedo	n.masc	foot soldier	W7
	pedon-	stem	foot soldier	W7
New Latin:	cypripedium	n.neut	Lady's Slipper (orchid), lit. sandal of Venus	W7
	diapedesis	n.fem	oozing through	W7
	lycopodium	n.neut	(genus name)	W7
	Octopus	n.masc	(genus name)	W7
	ped-	stem	foot	W7
	pedicellus	n.masc.dim	little foot	W7
	pedunculus	n.masc	peduncle	W7
	pes	n.masc	foot	W7
	phalaropus	n.masc	small shorebird	W7
	platypus	n.masc	small aquatic mammal	W7
	rhizopus	n.masc	genus of mold fungi	W7
	trapezium	n.neut	small table	W7
Italian:	appoggiatura	n.fem	leaning, resting	W7/CID
	pedale	n.masc	pedal	W7
	pilòta	n.masc	pilot	W7
Old French:	avantpié	n.masc	fore foot	W7
	peon	n.masc	foot soldier	W7
	peonier	n.masc	foot soldier	W7
Middle French:	empeechier	vb	to hinder	W7
	empeirer	vb	to make worse	W7
	pan	n.masc	pane of cloth	W7
	pédale	n.fem	pedal	W7
	pilote	n.masc	pilot of a ship	W7
	pionier	n.masc	foot soldier, settler	W7
	polype	n.masc	octopus, nasal tumor	W7
	puie	n.fem	balustrade	W7
French:	pessimisme	n.masc	pessimism	W7
	phalarope	n.masc	small shorebird	W7
	pion	n.masc	peon	W7
Spanish:	pecadillo	n.masc.dim	small sin, unimportant thing	W7
	pecado	n.masc	sin	W7
Portuguese:	peão	n.masc	foot-soldier	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	pãdas	n	shoe, sole of foot	LRC
	pėsčias, pėsčià	adj	on foot	LRC
Latvian:	acupedius	adj	swift-footed	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	pasti, padǫ, padeši	vb	to fall	LRC
	pods	n	ground	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	apod-	pfx	without feet	W7
	apous	adj	without feet	W7
	diapēdan	vb	to ooze through	W7
	diapēdēsis	n.fem	act of oozing through	W7
	epipedon	n.neut	plane surface	W7
	epipedos	adj	flat	W7
	Oidipous	n.masc	Oedipus	W7
	parallēlepipedon	n.neut	a six-faced polygon made of parallelograms	W7
	parallēlos	adj	parallel	W7
	pedilon	n.neut	sandal	W7
	πέδον	n	ground, earth	RPN
	pedon	n.neut	ground	W7
	peza	n.fem	ankle	W7
	pēda	n.neut.pl	steering oars	W7
	pēdan	vb	to leap	W7
	pēdon	n.neut	oar	W7
	platypous	adj	flat-footed	W7
	platys	adj	flat, broad	W7
	podion	n.neut	little foot, base	W7
	-podos	afx	of the feet	W7
	polypous	n.masc	polyp, octopus	W7
	που̃ς	n.masc	foot	LRC
	trapeza	n.fem	table	W7
	trapezion	n.neut	small table	W7
	phalaris	n.fem	coot	W7
	phalios	adj	having a white spot	W7
Medieval Greek:	pēdōtēs	n.masc	pilot of a ship	W7
Anatolian
Luwian:	pa-ta-aš	n	foot	RPN
	pati-	n	foot	LRC
Lycian:	pddãt-	n	place	RPN
	pddẽn-	n	place, precinct	RPN
Hittite:	pata-	n	foot	LRC
	pí-e-da-an	n	place	RPN
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	otn	n	foot	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	pad-	n	foot	LRC
Persian:	pā	n	leg	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	padám	n	step, track, spot	RPN
	pā́t	n	foot	RPN
	pādikā	n	quarter	W7
Hindi:	tipaī	n	a three-legged ornamental stand	W7
	pag	n	foot	W7
	pāī	n	a former monetary unit of India	W7
	pājāma	n	pajamas	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	päts	n	foot	LRC
Tocharian B:	ptsa	n	foot	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
afx	=	affix
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
stem	=	stem
str	=	strong (inflection)
sup	=	superlative
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)