The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: pē(i)-, pī- 'to hurt, scold, shame'

Semantic Fields: to Harm, Injure, Damage; Shame (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	fēond/fīond/fȳnd/fīend	n.masc	fiend	AHD/ASD
Middle English:	compassion	n	compassion	W7
	fiend	n	fiend	W7
	pacient	n	patient	W7
	passible	adj	passible	W7
	passion	n	passion	W7
	passive	adj	passive	W7
English:	compassion	n	consciousness of/sympathy with/desire to alleviate others' distress	AHD/W7
	fiend	n	foe, demon, devil, enemy	AHD/W7
	passible	adj	capable of feeling/suffering	AHD/W7
	passion	n	sufferings (of Christ)	AHD/W7
	passive	adj	acted upon by external agency	AHD/W7
	patient	adj	bearing pains/trials calmly/without complaint	AHD/W7
	pen-	pfx	almost	TLL
	penult	n	next to last item (in series)	TLL
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	fiand/fiund	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Frisian:	fynne	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Dutch:	vijand	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Old Saxon:	fīand/fīond/fīund/fīunt	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Low German:	fij(e)nd	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Old High German:	fīant/fīent	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Middle High German:	vīant/vī(e)nt	n.masc	fiend	ASD
German:	Feind	n.masc	fiend	ASD
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	fjāndi	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Danish:	fiende	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Swedish:	fiende	n.masc	fiend	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fiyands	n.masc	fiend	ASD
Italic
Latin:	paene	adv	almost	LRC
	passivus	adj	passive	W7
	passus	vb.ptc	suffered, experienced	W7
	patiens, patientis	adj/vb.ptc	patient, re: enduring suffering	W7
	patior, patī, passus	vb.dep	to bear, suffer, endure	LRC
	penuria	n.fem	need, want	W7
Late Latin:	compassio	n.fem	sympathy	W7
	compassus	vb.ptc	sympathizing	W7
	compatior, compati	vb.dep	to sympathize	W7
	passibilis	adj	passible	W7
	passio, passionis	n.fem	suffering, being acted upon	W7
Old French:	passion	n.fem	passion	W7
Middle French:	compassion	n.fem	sympathy	W7
	pacient	adj	patient, re: enduring suffering	W7
	passible	adj	passible	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πάσχω	vb	to bear, suffer, be maltreated	LRC
	πη̃μα	n.neut	woe, harm, suffering	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next