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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: pei̯(ə)-, pī̆- 'fat; milk'

Semantic Field: Milk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	Ériu	n	Ireland	W7
English
Old English:	fǣt(t)/fett	adj/vb.ptc	fat, fatted	ASD
	fǣt(ti)an	vb.wk	to cram, fatten	W7/AHD
	Īras	prop.n.pl	the Irish (people)	AHD/ASD
	pic	n.neut	pitch	W7/ASD
	pīn	n.fem	anguish, punishment	W7/ASD
	pīnian	vb.wk	to pine, torment	W7/ASD
	pīn-trēow	n.neut	pine tree	ASD
	pīn-trēowen	adj	re: pine tree	ASD
Middle English:	apayed	adj/vb.ptc	pleased, content, satisfied	MEV
	Erse	prop.n	Erse	W7
	fat	adj	fat	W7
	pich	n	pitch	W7
	pinen	vb	to pine	W7
	pippe	n	pip	W7
English:	Erin	prop.n	female given name; (poetic) Ireland	LRC
	Erse	prop.n	Irish: Gaelic language of Ireland/Scotland	LRC
	fat	adj	plump, obese, fattened	AHD/W7
	Irish	prop.adj	re: the Irish	W7
	Irish	prop.n.pl	natives/inhabitants of Ireland	AHD
	pay	vb.trans	to coat with waterproof substance	AHD/W7
	piceous	adj	re: pitch	AHD/W7
	picoline	n	liquid pyridine base found in coal tar	AHD/W7
	pine	n	coniferous evergreen tree	W7
	pine	vb.intrans	to languish, lose health/vigor	AHD/W7
	pineal	adj	re: small conical brain appendage	AHD/W7
	pinnace	n	light sailing ship (used as tender)	AHD/W7
	pinon	n	low-growing nut pine	AHD/W7
	pinot	n	red/white grape variety	AHD
	pip	n	scale/crust on tongue (a bird disorder)	AHD/W7
	pitch	n	dark/black viscous residue from heated tars	AHD/W7
	pitchblende	n	massive uraninite (chief source of uranium)	AHD/W7
	pittosporum	n	evergreen shrub native to warm regions	AHD
	pituitary	adj	re: small oval endocrine brain organ	AHD/W7
	propionic	adj	re: acid in monatomic fatty series	AHD
Scots English:	Erisch	prop.adj	re: Erse	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	fat	adj	fat	ASD
Frisian:	fet	adj	fat	ASD
Dutch:	pijnboom	n	pine	TLL
	vet	adj	fat	ASD
Old Saxon:	feit	adj	fat	RPN
Old Low German:	pik	n	pitch	ASD
Old High German:	feiz(i)t	adj	fat	W7/ASD
	peh	n	pitch	ASD
	pfiffīz	n	pip	W7
	pīnōn	vb	to pine, torment	ASD
Middle High German:	veiʒ/veiʒ(e)t	adj	fat	ASD
German:	fett/feist	adj	fat	ASD
	Pech	n.neut	pitch	W7
	Pechblende	n.fem	pitchblende	W7
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	bik	n	pitch	ASD
	feitr	adj	fat	ASD
	Írar	prop.n	the Irish (people)	ASD
	pína	vb	to pine, torment	ASD
Danish:	fe(e)d	adj	fat	ASD
Swedish:	fet	adj	fat	ASD
Italic
Latin:	opimus	adj	fat, copious	W7
	piceus	adj	re: pitch	W7
	pico, picāre	vb	to smear with pitch	W7
	pinea	n.fem	pine cone	W7
	pineus	adj	re: pine	W7
	pīnus, pīnūs/pīnī	n.fem	pine, fir, spruce	W7
	pituita	n.fem	phlegm; pip; tree sap	W7
	pix, picis	n.fem	pitch	W7
	poena	n.fem	pain, punishment	W7
Vulgar Latin:	pipita	n.fem	phlegm; pip; tree sap	W7
Old Spanish:	pinaza	n.fem	pinnace	W7
	pino	n.masc	pine	W7
Spanish:	piña	n.fem	pine cone	W7
	piñón	n.masc	pine nut	W7
American Spanish:	piñón	adj	good looking	W7
Old French:	apaier	vb	to please, satisfy	MEV
	payer	vb	to pay	MEV
Middle French:	pinace	n.fem	pinnace	W7
	pinéal	adj	pineal	W7
French:	payer	vb	to pay	W7
	pin	n	pine	LRC
	pinéal	adj	re: reptilian organ	W7
Italian:	pino	n	pine	LRC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	píenas	n	milk	RPN
	píeva	n.fem	meadow	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	pitěti, pitějǫ, pitěješi	vb	to nourish	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	πῑ́ων	adj	fat, rich	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	páyate	vb	to swell, fatten, abound	RPN
	páyas-	n	milk	RPN
	pī́van-	adj	fat, full, swelling	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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