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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. pek̑- 'to fleece; fee, cattle'

Semantic Fields: Wool; Cattle, Bovines

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	fe(a)x	n.neut	hair, locks	IEW/ASD
	feoh/fioh	n.str.neut	fee, wealth; (name for) F-rune	ASD
	feoh-gift	n.fem	money-gift, lit. cattle-gift	LRC
	feoh-lēas	adj	moneyless, lit. without cattle	LRC
	feohtan, feaht, fuhton, fohten	vb.str.III	to fight	LRC
	fēo-laga	n	fellow, partner, lit. money-layer	W7
Middle English:	enfeoffen	vb	to enfeoff	W7
	fe/fe(o)h	n	fee	W2I
	felawe	n	fellow	W7
	feoffement	n	feoffment	W7
	fighten	vb	to fight	W7
	impecunious	adj	impecunious	W7
	peculier	adj	peculiar	W7
	pecunious	adj	pecunious	W7
English:	ctenidium	n	comblike structure	AHD
	ctenoid	adj	having toothed margin	AHD/W7
	ctenophore	n	marine animal resembling jellyfish	AHD/W7
	enfeoff	vb.trans	to invest with fief/other possessions	AHD/W7
	fee	n	cattle; goods, money, property	AHD/W2I
	fellow	n	comrade, associate	AHD/W7
	Fellowship	prop.n	band of 9 heroes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	fellowship	n	group of friends/comrades	LRC
	feoffment	n	granting a fief	AHD/W7
	feud	n	fee	AHD/W7
	fief	n	fee, feudal estate	AHD/W7
	fight, fought	vb.str	to contend in battle/physical combat	AHD/W7
	impecunious	adj	penniless, having little/no money	AHD/W7
	pecorino	n	Italian cheese made from ewe's milk	AHD
	pecten	n	body part resembling comb	AHD/W7
	peculate	vb.trans	to embezzle	AHD/W7
	peculiar	adj	belonging exclusively to single person/group	AHD/W7
	pecuniary	adj	re: money	AHD/W7
	pecunious	adj.obs	rich, wealthy	AHD/W7
	Shadowfax	prop.n	Gandalf's silver-gray horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
Scots English:	fecht	vb	to fight	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	fax	n	hair, locks	ASD
	fia/fya	n.neut	fee	ASD
	fiuchta	vb	to fight	ASD
Frisian:	fjuechten	vb	to fight	ASD
Dutch:	vechten	vb	to fight	ASD
	vee	n.neut	fee	ASD
Old Saxon:	fahs	n.neut	hair, locks	ASD
	fehtan	vb	to fight	ASD
	fehu/fē/fio	n	fee, wealth	CDC/ASD
Low German:	fee/vee/veih	n.neut	fee	CDC/ASD
Old High German:	fahs	n.neut	hair, locks	ASD
	fehtan	vb	to fight	W7
	fehu/fihu	n.neut	fee	CDC/ASD
Middle High German:	vahs	n.masc	hair, locks	ASD
	vehten	vb	to fight	ASD
	vihe	n.neut	fee	ASD
German:	fechten	vb	to fight	ASD
	Vieh	n.neut	fee	ASD
N-Germanic
Runic:	*fehu	n	fee, wealth; (name for) F-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	fé	n.neut	fee, sheep	LRC
	fēlag(i)	n	fellowship, partnership	W7
	fær	n	sheep	KNW
Icelandic:	fax	n.neut	mane	ASD
	fē	n.neut	fee	ASD
Danish:	faar	n	sheep	TLL
	fegte/fægte	vb	to fight	ASD
	fæ	n.neut	fee	ASD
Swedish:	får	n	sheep	SAO
	fä	n.neut	fee	ASD
	fäkta	vb	to fight	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	faihu	n.neut	fee	LRC
Italic
Latin:	pecten, pectinis	n.masc	comb	W7
	pecto, pectere	vb	to comb	W7
	pecūlātus	n.masc	corruption, embezzlement	W7
	pecūliāris	adj	re: private property	W7
	pecūlium	n.neut	private property	W7
	peculor, peculāri	vb.dep	to defraud the State	W7
	pecūnia, pecūniae	n.fem	wealth, riches	LRC
	pecūniārius	adj	pecuniary	W7
	pecūniōsus	adj	pecunious	W7
	pecus, pecoris	n.neut	fee, domestic animal	ELD
Medieval Latin:	feodum	n.neut	treatise	W7
Old French:	fief	n.masc	land, castle, property	W7
Anglo-French:	enfeoffer	vb	to enfeoff	W7
	feoffement	n.masc	feoffment	W7
	feoffer	vb	to enfeoff	W7
Italian:	pecora	n.fem	sheep	LRC
	pecorino	n.masc	pecorino	LRC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	pẽkus	n	cattle	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	κτείς	n.masc	comb, rake	LS
	kten-	pfx	comb	W7
	ktenoeidēs	adj	ctenoid, comb-like	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	fšu-	n	cattle	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	pā́śu-	n.masc	cattle	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obs	=	obsolete
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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