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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3a. pel- 'to fold'

Semantic Field: to Fold

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	-feald	sfx	-fold	W7
	fealdan	vb	to fold, wrap	W7
	fēlan	vb.wk	to feel	W7/ASD
	manig-feald	adj	manifold	W7
Middle English:	felen	vb	to feel	W7
	-fold	sfx	-fold	W7
	folden	vb	to fold	W7
	manifold	adj	manifold	W7
	multiplien	vb	to multiply	W7
	triple	adj/n	triple	W7
	triplen	vb	to triple	W7
English:	-blastic	sfx	having germ layer(s)	AHD/W7
	decuple	adj	tenfold, having 10 units/members	AHD/W7
	double	adj	having 2 units/members	LRC
	double	vb	to make doubly great/many	AHD/W7
	eightfold	adj	8 times the number/quantity	AHD
	faldstool	n	folding stool/chair	AHD/W7
	faltboat	n	small folding boat/collapsible canoe	AHD/W7
	fauteuil	n	upholstered armchair with open sides	AHD
	feel, felt	vb.str	to touch with tactile sensation	AHD/W7
	-fold	sfx	times, multiplied by	AHD/W7
	fold	vb	to lay/bend one part over another	AHD/W7
	fourfold	adj	quadruple, 4 times the number/quantity	LRC
	furbelow	n	ruffle, pleated/gathered material	AHD/W7
	manifold	adj	lit. many-fold	W7
	multiple	adj	more than one	AHD/W7
	multiply	vb	to increase in number	W7
	quadruple	adj	having 4 units/members	AHD/W7
	quintuple	adj	having 5 units/members	AHD/W7
	septuple	adj	having 7 units/members	AHD
	sextuple	adj	having 6 units/members	AHD/W7
	threefold	adj	triple, 3 times the number/quantity	W7
	triple	adj	having 3 units/members	AHD/W7
	triple	n	threefold sum/number/quantity	AHD/W7
	triple	vb	to make triply great/many	AHD/W7
	triploblastic	adj	having 3 primary germ layers	AHD/W7
	twofold	adj	double, 2 times the number/quantity	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	-fald	sfx	-fold	ASD
	fēla	vb	to feel	ASD
Frisian:	fielen	vb	to feel	ASD
Dutch:	voelen	vb	to feel	ASD
	vouwen	vb	to fold	ASD
Old Saxon:	-fald	sfx	-fold	ASD
	gi-fōlian	vb	to feel	ASD
	manag-fald	adj	manifold, multiplex	ASD
Low German:	fölen	vb	to feel	ASD
Old High German:	faldan	vb	to fold	W7
	-falt	sfx	-fold	W7
	faltistuol	n	folding chair	W7
	fuolēn/fuoljan	vb	to feel	ASD
	manag-fald	adj	manifold, multiplex	ASD
Middle High German:	valden/valten	vb	to fold	ASD
	-valt	sfx	-fold	ASD
	vüelen	vb	to feel	ASD
German:	faltboot	n	folding boat	W7
	falten	vb	to fold	W7
	fühlen	vb	to feel	ASD
	mannigfaltig	adj	manifold, multiplex	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	feldr	n.masc	cloak	LRC
Icelandic:	falda	vb	to fold	ASD
Danish:	folde	vb	to fold	ASD
	föle	vb	to feel	ASD
	involde	n	intestines	TLL
Swedish:	fålla	vb	to fold	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	falþan	vb	to fold	ASD
	-falþs	sfx	-fold	ASD
	manag-falþs	adj	manifold	ASD
Italic
Latin:	multiplex	adj	multiple, manifold	W7
	-plex	sfx	-fold	W7
	-plus	sfx	multiplied by	W7
	quadruplus	adj	quadruple	W7
	triplus	adj	triple	W7
Late Latin:	decuplus	adj	decuple	W7
	quintuplex	adj	multiplied by 5	W7
	triplo, triplāre	vb	to triple	W7
Medieval Latin:	sextuplus	adj	sextuple	W7
Old French:	multiplier	vb	to multiply	W7
Middle French:	décuple	adj	decuple	W7
	quadruple	adj	quadruple	W7
	quintuple	adj	quintuple	W7
	triple	adj	triple	W7
French:	décupler	vb	to multiply by 10	W7
	multiple	adj	multiple, manifold	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	diplasios	adj	twofold	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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