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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2e. per- 'to dare, risk, try; peril, danger'

Semantic Fields: to Dare; Peril, Danger

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	fǣr/fēr	n.masc	fear	ASD
Middle English:	experience	n	experience	W7
	experiment	n	experiment	W7
	expert	adj/n	expert	W7
	fer	n	fear	W7
	parlous	adj	parlous	W7
	peril	n	peril	W7
	perilous	adj	perilous	W7
	pirate	n	pirate	W7
English:	empiric	n	charlatan	AHD/W7
	experience	n	perception/apprehension of event/reality	AHD/W7
	experiment	n	trial, test	AHD/W7
	expert	adj	experienced, knowledgeable	AHD/W7
	expert	n	authority, one who has acquired skill/knowledge in subject	AHD/W7
	fear	n	emotion due to peril/danger	AHD/W7
	parlous	adj	perilous: hazardous, fraught with risk/danger	AHD/W7
	peril	n	danger, exposure to risk of injury/destruction/being lost	AHD/W7
	pirate	n	corsair, buccaneer, one who commits/practices piracy	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	gevaar	n.neut	fear, danger	ASD
Old Saxon:	fār	n.masc	fear, ambush	ASD
Low German:	vare	n.fem	fear, danger	ASD
Old High German:	fāra	n.fem	fear, peril, ambush	ASD
Middle High German:	vār(e)	n.masc	fear, snares	ASD
German:	Fahr/Gefahr	n.fem	fear, peril	ASD
	Pirat	n.masc	pirate	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	fár	n.neut	fear, malice, mischief	LRC
Icelandic:	fār	n.neut	fear, harm, plague	ASD
Danish:	fare	n.masc/fem	fear, danger	ASD
Swedish:	fara	n.fem	fear, peril	ASD
Italic
Latin:	empiricus	adj	empiric	W7
	experiens, experientis	adj/vb.ptc	trying	W7
	experientia	n.fem	experience, act of trying	W7
	experimentum	n.neut	experiment	W7
	experior, experīrī	vb.dep	to test, try out, experience	W7
	expertus	adj/vb.ptc	expert	W7
	imperitus, imperita, imperitum	adj	inexperienced	LRC
	periculum, periculi	n.neut	danger	LRC
	-periri	vb.sfx	to experience	W7
	pirata	n.masc	pirate	W7
Old French:	peril	n.masc	peril, danger	W7
Middle French:	expérience	n.fem	experience, act of trying	W7
	expert	adj	expert	W7
	pirate	n.masc	pirate	W7
French:	expert	adj	expert	W7
	expert	n.masc	expert	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πειρά(ζ)ω	vb	to test, attempt, make trial of	LRC
Greek:	ἐκπειράομαι	vb	to tempt	LRC
	empeiria	n.fem	experience	W7
	emperirikos	adj	relying on experience alone	W7
	πειρασμός	n.masc	temptation	LRC
	peiratēs	n.masc	pirate	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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