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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: perd- 'to fart, break wind (loudly)'

Semantic Field: to Fart, Break Wind

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	*feortan	vb	to fart	AHD
Middle English:	farten/ferten	vb	to fart	CDC
	partrich	n	partridge	W7
English:	fart	vb	to break wind	AHD
	partridge	n	gallinaceous Old World game bird	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	patrijs	n	partridge	TLL
Old Saxon:	fertan	vb	to fart	CDC
Low German:	furten	vb	to fart	CDC
Old High German:	ferzan	vb	to fart	CDC
Middle High German:	varzen/verzen/vurzen	vb	to fart	CDC
German:	farzen/furzen	vb	to fart	CDC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	*ferta/freta	vb	to fart	CDC
Danish:	fjerte	vb	to fart	CDC
Swedish:	fjerta	vb	to fart	CDC
Italic
Latin:	pēdo, pēdere	vb	to fart	CDC
	perdix, perdīcis	n.masc/fem	partridge	W7
Old French:	perdris	n.fem	partridge	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	persti	vb	to fart	CDC
Latvian:	pirst	vb	to fart	CDC
Hellenic
Greek:	πέρδειν	vb	to fart	CDC
	πέρδιξ	n.masc/fem	partridge	CLD
Indic
Sanskrit:	pardate	vb	to fart	CDC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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