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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: pēu- : pəu- : pū̆- 'to hit; sharp'

Semantic Fields: to Hit, Strike, Beat; Sharp

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	pytt	n.masc	pit, grave	W7/ASD
Middle English:	impudent	adj	impudent	W7
	paven	vb	to pave	W7
	pit	n	pit	W7
English:	amputate	vb.trans	to prune, cut/lop off	AHD/W7
	anapest	n	metrical foot: two short/unstressed syllables followed by long/stressed syllable	AHD/W7
	impudent	adj	lacking modesty	AHD/W7
	pave	vb.trans	to lay/cover with stone/concrete/other material making firm level path/roadway	AHD/W7
	pavid	adj	timid	AHD/W7
	pit	n	hole/shaft/cavity in ground	AHD/W7
	pudency	n	modesty, prudishness	AHD/W7
	pudendum	n	external genital organ of human (esp. woman)	AHD/W7
	putamen	n	hard shell-like covering	AHD
	repudiate	vb.trans	to divorce/separate formally from	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	arfūrian	vb	to castrate	W7
	pfuzzi/pfuzza	n	pit, well, cistern	W7/ASD
German:	Pfütze	n.fem	pit, pool, puddle	ASD
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	pyttr	n	pit	ASD
Italic
Latin:	amputatus	vb.ptc	amputated	W7
	amputo, amputāre	vb	to amputate	W7
	anapaestus	adj	of anapests	W7
	dēputo, dēputare	vb	to prune, cut off	W7
	impudens	adj	unashamed	W7
	paveo, pavēre	vb.intrans	to panic, quake (with fear)	W7
	pavidus, pavida, pavidum	adj	fearful, quaking, trembling	W7
	pavio, pavire	vb	to beat, strike, pave	W7
	pavor, pavōris	n.masc	fear, dread, quaking	LRC
	pudendum	n.neut	part to be ashamed of	W7
	pudendus	ger	to be ashamed of	W7
	pudens, pudentis	adj/vb.ptc	ashamed, disgraced	W7
	pudentia	n.fem	pudency	W7
	pudeo, pudēre	vb	to be ashamed, cause/fill with shame	W7
	pudor, pudōris	n.masc	shame, modesty; honor, decency	LRC
	putatus	vb.ptc	pruned	W7
	puto, putare	vb	to prune, cut off	W7
	repudiatus	vb.ptc	divorced, sent back	W7
	repudio, repudiāre	vb	to divorce, send back	W7
	repudium	n.neut	divorce	W7
Late Latin:	dēputo, dēputare	vb	to assign	W7
New Latin:	pudendum	n.neut	part to be hidden, sex organ	W7
Middle French:	paver	vb	to pave	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	anapaiein	vb	to strike back	W7
	anapaistos	adj	struck back	W7
	paiein	vb	to strike	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
ger	=	gerund(ive)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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