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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: peu̯ōr, pū̆r, genitive pu-n-és, locative puu̯éni 'fire'

Semantic Field: Fire (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	fȳr/fīr	n.neut	fire, hearth	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	fire	n	fire	W7
English:	empyreal	adj	celestial, re: highest heaven	AHD/W7
	fire	n	combustion manifested as heat/light/flame	AHD/W7
	Firefoot	prop.n	Eomer's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Fire-mountain	prop.n	Orodruin, a.k.a. Mount Doom in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	pyre	n	combustible heap for burning body as funeral rite	AHD/W7
	pyretic	adj	febrile, re: fever	AHD/W7
	pyrite	n	iron sulfide: gold/brass-colored mineral	AHD/W7
	pyrites	n	metallic sulfide mineral	AHD
	pyro-	pfx	fire, heat	AHD
	pyrosis	n	heartburn	AHD/W7
	pyrrhotite	n	ferrous sulfide: bronze-colored mineral	AHD/W7
Scots English:	fyre	n	fire	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	fior/fiur	n.neut	fire	ASD
Frisian:	fjœr	n	fire	ASD
Dutch:	vuur	n.neut	fire	ASD
Old Saxon:	fiur	n.neut	fire	ASD
Low German:	füer/vü(e)r	n.neut	fire	ASD
Old High German:	fiur	n.neut	fire	RPN/ASD
Middle High German:	viu(we)r/viwer	n.neut	fire	ASD
German:	Feuer	n.neut	fire	ASD
	Pyrrhotin	n	pyrrhotite	W7
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	fúrr	n.masc	fire	RPN/ASD
Danish:	fyr	n.masc/fem	fire	ASD
Swedish:	fyr	n.masc	fire, beacon, lighthouse	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fōn, funins	n	fire	RPN
Italic
Umbrian:	pir	n	fire	RPN
Latin:	pyra	n.fem	pyre	W7
Late Latin:	empyreus/empyrius	adj	empyreal	W7
New Latin:	pyrosis	n.fem	heartburn	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	panno	n	fire	RPN
Slavic
Old Czech:	púř	n	embers, glowing ashes	RPN
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πυ̃ρ	n.neut	fire	LRC
Greek:	pyra	n.fem	pyre	W7
	pyretikos	adj	re: fever	W7
	pyretos	n.masc	fever	W7
	πυρίη	n.fem	vapor bath	LRC
	pyritēs	adj	re: fire	W7
	pyroun	vb	to burn	W7
	pyrrhos	adj	red	W7
	pyrrhotēs	n.fem	redness	W7
	pyrōsis	n.fem	burning	W7
Late Greek:	empyrios	adj	empyreal, re: fire within	W7
Anatolian
Luwian:	pa-a-h̯u-u-ur	n	fire	RPN
Hittite:	pa-ah̯-h̯u-e-na-aš	n.gen.sg	of fire	RPN
	pa-ah̯-h̯ur	n	fire	RPN
	pa-ah̯-h̯u-ur	n	fire	RPN
	pa-ah̯-h̯u-wa-ar	n	fire	RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	hur	n	fire	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	puwar	n	fire	RPN
Tocharian A:	por	n	fire	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
gen	=	genitive (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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