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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. plāk-, plāg-, also plēk-, plēg- 'to hit, beat, fling'

Semantic Fields: to Hit, Strike, Beat; to Throw

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	apoplexie	n	apoplexy	W7
	compleynen	vb	to complain	W7
	flingen/flengen	vb	to fling	W2I
	plage	n	plague	W7
	plaint	n	plaint	W7
English:	apoplexy	n	stroke, sudden loss/diminution of motion/sensation/consciousness	AHD/W7
	cataplexy	n	sudden loss of muscle control due to strong emotion	AHD/W7
	complain	vb.intrans	to express pain/grief/discontent	AHD/W7
	complaint	n	expression of pain/grief/dissatisfaction	W9
	fling, flung	vb.str	to hurl, throw; rush/spring with haste/violence	AHD/W2I
	paraplegia	n	lower-body paralysis	AHD/W7
	plague	n	wound, blow; calamity, dire affliction	AHD/W7
	plague	vb	to afflict; annoy	TLL
	plaint	n	wail, lamentation	AHD/W7
	plangent	adj	having loud reverberating sound	AHD/W7
	plankton	n	plant/animal life drifting in water	AHD/W7
	plectrum	n	small pick for stringed instrument	AHD/W7
	plexor	n	small rubber-headed hammer	AHD
W-Germanic
Old High German:	fluokhōn	vb	to curse	W7
German:	Kataplexie	n	cataplexy	W7
	Plankton	n	plankton	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	flā	vb	to flay	W7
	flengja	vb	to whip	W7
Danish:	plage	vb	to plague	LRC
Swedish:	plåga	vb	to plague	LRC
Italic
Latin:	plāga	n.fem	plague, stroke	W7
	plangens, plangentis	adj/vb.ptc	lamenting	W7
	plango, plangere, planxi, planctum	vb	to beat, strike; lament, bewail	W7
	plectrum	n.neut	plectrum	W7
Vulgar Latin:	complango, complangere	vb	to complain	W7
Late Latin:	apoplexia	n.fem	apoplexy	W7
Medieval Latin:	plagalis	adj	consistent in strikes	W7
New Latin:	paraplegia	n.fem	paraplegia	W7
Portuguese:	praga	n	wound	TLL
Spanish:	llaga	n	wound	TLL
Old French:	apoplexie	n	apoplexy	AHD
Middle French:	complaindre	vb	to complain	W7
	plage	n.fem	blow	W7
	plaint	n.masc	plaint, complaint	W7
French:	apoplexie	n.fem	apoplexy	W7
	plaie	n	wound	TLL
Italian:	piaga	n	wound	TLL
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	plakati, plačǫ, plačeši	vb	to weep, mourn	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πλάζω	vb	to strike, drive astray	LRC
	πλήσσω	vb	to beat, strike	LRC
Greek:	apoplēxia	n.fem	apoplexy	W7
	apoplēssein	vb	to cripple via stroke	W7
	kataplēxis	n.fem	cataplexy	W7
	kataplēssein	vb	to strike down, terrify	W7
	paraplēgiē	n.fem	paraplegia	W7
	plazesthai	vb	to drift, wander	W7
	planktos	adj	drifting	W7
	plēktron	n.neut	plectrum	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)
W9	=	Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983)

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