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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: preus- 'to burn, freeze'

Semantic Fields: to Burn, Scorch; Cold, Frigid

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	forst	n.masc	frost	LRC
	frēorig	adj	cold, chill, freezing	LRC
	frēosan, frēas, fruron, froren	vb.str	to freeze	W7/ASD
Middle English:	fresen	vb	to freeze	W7
	froren	vb.past.ptc	frozen	W7
	frost	n	frost	W7
English:	freeze, froze, frozen	vb.str	to solidify, become congealed into ice due to cold	AHD/W7
	Frery	prop.n	Bree calendar's January in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	frore	adj	frozen, frosty	AHD/W7
	frost	n	minute ice crystals	AHD/W7
	pruinose	adj	covered with whitish dust/bloom	AHD/W7
	prurient	adj	itching, craving restlessly	AHD/W7
	prurigo	n	chronic inflammatory skin disease	AHD/W7
	pruritus	n	itching	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	forst/frost	n	frost	ASD
Frisian:	froast	n	frost	ASD
Dutch:	vorst	n.fem	frost	ASD
	vriezen	vb	to freeze	ASD
Old Saxon:	frost	n.masc	frost	ASD
Low German:	fresen/freren	vb	to freeze	ASD
Old High German:	friosan/freosan/friusan	vb	to freeze	W7/ASD
	frost	n	frost	W7
	frost	n.masc	frost	ASD
Middle High German:	vriusen	vb	to freeze	ASD
	vrost	n.masc	frost	ASD
German:	frieren	vb	to freeze	ASD
	Frost	n.masc	frost	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	frjósa	vb	to freeze	LRC
Icelandic:	frjōsa	vb	to freeze	ASD
	frost	n.neut	frost	ASD
Danish:	frost	n.masc/fem	frost	ASD
	fryse	vb	to freeze	ASD
Swedish:	frost	n.masc	frost	ASD
	frysa	vb	to freeze	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*frius	n.neut	frost	ASD/GED
Italic
Latin:	pruina	n.fem	hoarfrost	W7
	pruinosus	adj	covered with hoarfrost	W7
	pruna	n.fem	glowing coal	W7
	prunia	n.fem	hoarfrost	W7
	pruriens, prurientis	vb.ptc	itching; being wanton	W7
	prurigo	n.fem	itch	W7
	prūriō, prūrīre	vb	to itch; be wanton	W7
	pruritus	vb.ptc	having itched	W7
New Latin:	prurigo	n.fem	chronic inflammatory skin disease	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	ploṣati	vb	to singe	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
past	=	past (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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