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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: reudh- 'red'

Semantic Field: Red

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	rūad	adj	red	LRC
Welsh:	rhudd	adj	red	LRC
English
Old English:	rēad	adj	red	W7
	rudduc	n	ruddock	W7
	rudig	adj	ruddy	W7
	rudu	adj/n.fem	red; redness	W7/ASD
	rūst	n.masc/neut	rust	ASD
Middle English:	red	adj	red	W7
	rubrike	n	rubric	W7
	ruby	n	ruby	W7
	ruddok	n	ruddock	W7
	rudi	adj	ruddy	W7
	russet	n	russet	W7
	rust	n	rust	W7
	rutilaunt	adj	rutilant	W7
English:	bilirubin	n	reddish yellow pigment in bile/blood/urine/gallstones	AHD/W7
	corroborate	vb.trans	to make more certain, support with evidence/authority	AHD/W7
	erythema	n	abnormal skin redness	AHD/W7
	erythr(o)-	pfx	red	AHD
	rambunctious	adj	boisterous, disorderly	AHD
	red	adj	re: color red (long-wavelength visible light)	AHD/W7
	Redhorn	prop.n	Misty Mountains peak in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	redstart	n	small European songbird with rust-red breast/tail	AHD
	rissole	n	small pastry-enclosed minced meat/fish croquette	AHD
	roble	n	oak of Mexico/California	AHD/W7
	roborant	n	restoring vigor/strength	AHD
	robust	adj	vigorous, having/exhibiting strength/health	AHD/W7
	rouge	n	cosmetic color for lips/cheeks	AHD/W7
	roux	n	cooked mixture of flour/fat	AHD/W7
	rowan	n	Eurasian tree	AHD/W7
	rubella	n	German measles	AHD/W7
	rubeola	n	measles	AHD/W7
	rubescent	adj	reddening, turning red	AHD
	rubicund	adj	red, ruddy	AHD/W7
	rubidium	n	soft silvery metal	AHD/W7
	rubiginous	adj	re: rusty red color	AHD/W7
	rubric	n	heading in book/manuscript done/underlined in different (e.g. red) color	AHD/W7
	ruby	n	precious stone: red corundum	AHD/W7
	ruddock	n	robin	AHD/W7
	ruddy	adj	having healthy reddish color	AHD/W7
	rufescent	adj	reddish	AHD/W7
	rufous	adj	reddish	AHD/W7
	russet	n	coarse homespun reddish brown cloth	AHD/W7
	rust	n	hydrated ferric oxide: brittle reddish coating on iron	AHD/W7
	rutilant	adj	having reddish glow	AHD/W7
	rutile	n	titanium dioxide	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	rād	adj	red	ASD
Old Saxon:	rōd	adj	red	ASD
	rost	n	rust	ASD
Old High German:	rost	n	rust	ASD
	rōt	adj	red	W7
German:	robust	adj	robust	LRC
	Rost	n.masc	rust	LRC
	rot	adj	red	LRC
	Rutil	n	rutile	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rauðr	adj	red	LRC
	reynir	n	rowan	W7
	rjóða	vb	to redden, make red	LRC
Icelandic:	rauðr	adj	red	ASD
	roði	n	redness	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-riudei	n	embarrassment	LRC
	rauds	adj	red	ASD
Italic
Latin:	corroboratus	vb.ptc	strengthened	W7
	corroboro, corroborāre	vb	to make strong	W7
	robiginosus	adj	rusty	W7
	rōbīgo, rōbīginis	n.fem	rust	W7
	rōbur, rōboris	n.neut	oak, hard wood	W7
	robustus	adj	oaken, strong	W7
	rubellus	adj	reddish	W7
	rubēns, rubentis	adj	red, ruddy, reddish	W7
	rubeo, rubēre	vb	to be red	W7
	ruber	adj	red	W7
	rubeus	adj	red, reddish	W7
	rubicundus	adj	red, rubicund	W7
	rubidus	adj	red, reddish	W7
	rubiginosus	adj	rusty	W7
	rubrica	n.fem	rubric, section	W7
	rufescens, rufescentis	adj/vb.ptc	becoming red/reddish	W7
	rufesco, rufescere	vb	to become red/reddish	W7
	rufus	adj	red, red-haired	W7
	ruger	adj	red	W7
	russus	adj	red	W7
	rutilans, rutilantis	adj	bright (red)	W7
	rutilo, rutilare	vb	to be bright/reddish	W7
	rutilus	adj	red	W7
New Latin:	erythema	n.fem	erythema	W7
	rubella	n.fem	German measles	W7
	rubeola	n.fem	measles	W7
	rubeolus	adj	reddish	W7
Spanish:	roble	n.masc	oak	W7
American Spanish:	roble	n.masc	oak	W7
Old French:	rous	adj	russet, red-haired	W7
	rousset	adj.dim	russet, red-haired	W7
Middle French:	rouge	adj	red	W7
	rubis	n.masc	ruby	W7
	rubrique	n.fem	rubric	W7
French:	rouge	adj	red	W7
	roux	adj	brownish-red, red haired	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	raũdas	adj	red	LRC
Latvian:	rûsa	n	rust	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	rudъ	adj	red	LRC
Russian:	rysyj	adj	red, ruddy	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ἐρυθρός	adj	red, ruddy	LRC
Greek:	erythainein	vb	to redden	W7
	erythēma	n	red blotch	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	raoiδita-	adj	red, reddened	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	rṓhita-	adj	red, reddened	LRC
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	rätre	adj	red	LRC
Tocharian A:	rätr-	adj	red	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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