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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: reugh-m(e)n- 'ream, cream?'

Semantic Field: Butter

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	rēam	n.masc	ream	KEW/ASD
Middle English:	reme	n	ream	OED
English:	ram(m)ekin/ramequin	n	kind of cheese pastry	AHD/W7/CDC
	ream	n	cream	LRC
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	room	n	ream	OED
Dutch:	room	n	ream	ASD
Old Flemish:	rammeken	n	toasted bread	CDC
Middle Low German:	rōm(e)	n	ream	OED
Low German:	ram	n	ream	W7
	ramken	n.dim	(a little) ream	W7
Old High German:	roum	n.masc	ream	IEW
Middle High German:	roum	n	ream	ASD
German:	Rahm	n.masc	ream	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rjúmi/rjómi	n	ream	KNW/OED
Icelandic:	rjōmi	n	ream	ASD
Norwegian:	r(j)ome	n.dial	ream	OED
Swedish:	römme	n	ream	SAO
Italic
French:	ramequin	n.masc	small cheesecake	W7
Iranian
Persian:	rōg@h%an	n	ghee	LRC
Avestan:	raog@h%na	n	butter	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
dial	=	dialectal
dim	=	diminutive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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