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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ŕ̥k̑þo-s 'bear (animal)'

Semantic Field: Bear

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	art	n	bear	LRC
Breton:	ors	n	bear	LRC
English
Middle English:	Arctour/Arture/Arthurus	prop.n	Arcturus	AHD
	artik	adj	arctic	W7
English:	arctic	adj	re: north, polar region	AHD/W7
	Arcturus	prop.n	Alpha Bootes: bright yellow-orange star	AHD
	Artemis	prop.n	goddess of the hunt (Greek mythology)	LRC
	ursine	adj	re: bear	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	arcticus	adj	arctic; re: bear	W7
	Arctūrus	prop.n.masc	Arcturus	AHD
	ursa	n.fem	she-bear	W7
	ursus	n.masc	bear	W7
Late Latin:	arcticus	adj	arctic: northern	CDC
Medieval Latin:	articus	adj	arctic	AHD
Portuguese:	arctico	adj	arctic	CDC
Spanish:	arctico	adj	arctic	CDC
Old French:	artique	adj	arctic	CDC
French:	arctique	adj	arctic	CDC
Old Occitan:	artic	adj	arctic	CDC
Italian:	artico	adj	arctic	CDC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ʼάρκτος	n.masc/fem	bear; Ursa Major	LRC
	ʼΆρτεμις	prop.n.fem	Artemis	LS
Greek:	arktikos	adj	arctic; re: bear	W7
	Arktouros	prop.n.masc	Arcturus, lit. bear-watcher	AHD
Anatolian
Hittite:	hartagga-	n	bear	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	arǰ	n	bear	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	arəšō	n	bear	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	ŕ̥kṣaḥ	n	bear	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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