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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: seg̑h-, seg̑hi-, seg̑hu- 'to possess, hold fast, persevere, overcome; victory'

Semantic Fields: to Own, Possess; to Hold; Victory

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	scōl	n.fem	school	W7
	scolere	n.masc	scholar	W7
	sige/sigor	n.masc	triumph, victory	ASD
Middle English:	etyk	adj	hectic	W7
	eunuk	n	eunuch	W7
	perseveren	vb	to persevere	W7
	scole	n	school	W7
	scoler	n	scholar	W7
English:	asseverate	vb.trans	to aver/affirm earnestly/positively	AHD/W7
	asthenia	n	debility, lack/loss of strength	AHD/W7
	cachexia	n	general physical wasting/malnutrition	AHD/W7
	calisthenics	n	systematic bodily exercises	AHD/W7
	cathexis	n	investment of sexual energy in person/object/idea	AHD/W7
	epoch	n	date/time selected as point of reference	AHD/W7
	eunuch	n	castrated male in charge of harem	AHD/W7
	hectic	adj	re: fluctuating but persistent fever	AHD/W7
	Hector	prop.n	bravest Trojan (Homer's Iliad)	AHD/W7
	hector	n	bully	AHD
	hypersthene	n	orthorhombic pyroxene	AHD/W7
	myasthenia	n	abnormal muscular fatigue/weakness	AHD
	Ophiuchus	prop.n	equatorial constellation, lit. snake-holder	AHD/CDC
	persevere	vb.intrans	to persist in state/enterprise/undertaking	AHD/W7
	scheme	n	mathematical/astronomical diagram	AHD/W7
	scholar	n	pupil, one who attends school/studies under teacher	AHD/W7
	scholastic	adj	re: Scholasticism (medieval/renaissance Christian philosophical movement)	AHD/W7
	scholastic	n	Scholastic philosopher	AHD/W7
	scholium	n	marginal comment/annotation (on classic text)	AHD/W7
	school	n	place/establishment for instruction	AHD/OED
	severe	adj	strict in judgment/discipline/government	AHD/W7
	sthenia	n	vigor, vitality, bodily strength	AHD
	thrombosthenin	n	contractile clot-forming protein in platelets	AHD
W-Germanic
Dutch:	school	n	school	TLL
Old Saxon:	sigi	n	triumph, victory	ASD
Old High German:	scuola	n	school	ASD
	scuolari	n	scholar	ASD
	sigi/sigu	n	triumph, victory	RPN
	sigirōn	vb	to conquer	RPN
German:	Schule	n.fem	school	TLL
	Sieg	n.masc	triumph, victory	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	sigr	n	triumph, victory	RPN
Icelandic:	sig(r)	n	triumph, victory	ASD
	skóli	n	school	ASD
Danish:	skole	n	school	TLL
Swedish:	skola	n	school	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	sigis	n	triumph, victory	RPN
Italic
Latin:	assevero, asseverāre	vb	to asseverate	W7
	eunuchus	n.masc	eunuch	W7
	Hector	n.masc	Hector	W7
	persevero, perseverāre	vb	to persevere	W7
	schola	n.fem	school	W7
	scholasticus	adj	re: school/scholars	W7
	severus	adj	severe, assertive	W7
Late Latin:	cachexia	n.fem	bad condition, chronic disease	W7
	hecticus	adj	habitual	W7
	scholaris	adj	re: school	W7
Medieval Latin:	epocha	n.fem	epoch, era	W7
New Latin:	asthenia	n	asthenia	AHD
	scholasticus	n.masc	student in scholasticate	W7
	scholium	n.neut	scholium, note between manuscript lines	W7
	sthenia	n	sthenia	AHD
Spanish:	escuela	n	school	TLL
Old French:	escoler	n.masc	scholar, student	W7
Middle French:	étique	adj	consumptive	W7
	persévérer	vb	to persevere	W7
	sévère	adj	severe	W7
French:	école	n	school	TLL
	hypersthènie	n.fem	hypersthene, exaggerated function of certain tissues/organs	W7/R1
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ʽΈκτωρ	prop.n.masc	Hector	LRC
	ἐπέχω	vb	to pause, hold back	LRC
	εὐνή	n.fem	bed, couch, place to lie	LRC
	κᾱλός	adj	fair, beautiful	LRC
	σθένος	n.neut	strength, sthenia	LRC
Greek:	astheneia	n.fem	weakness	W7
	asthenēs	adj	weak	W7
	εʼίχω	vb	to have, be	LRC
	hektikos	adj	habitual, consumptive	W7
	hexis	n.fem	condition	W7
	epochē	n.fem	cessation, fixed point	W7
	eunouchos	n.masc	eunuch	W7
	ἐχυρός	adj	strong, secure	LRC
	ʼέχω	vb	to have, hold	LRC
	ἰσχύω	vb	to be strong	LRC
	ʼίσχω	vb	to stay, restrain	LRC
	kathexis	n.fem	holding	W7
	katechein	vb	to hold fast, occupy	W7
	kachexia	n.fem	bad condition, chronic disease	W7
	παρέχω	vb	to provide	LRC
	schēma	n.neut	figure, arrangement	W7
	scholazein	vb	to keep a school	W7
	scholastikos	adj	re: school	W7
	σχολή	n.fem	leisure; school, lecture, discussion	LRC
	scholion	n.neut	comment, scholium	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	hazah-	n	power, victory	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	sáhate	vb	to conquer, prevail, overcome	RPN
	sáhas-	n	strength, power, victory	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
R1	=	Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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