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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. seu-, se^u̯ə- : sū- 'sop, soup, juice, liquid'

Semantic Fields: to Drink; to Flow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	súgid	vb	to suck	RPN
English
Old English:	sēaw	n.neut	juice, liquid	RPN
	sīcan/sȳcan	vb.wk	to suckle	ASD
	socian	vb.wk	to soak	ASD
	sol	n.neut	mud, mire, slime	IEW
	Sol-mōnaþ	prop.n.masc	February, lit. mire-month	ASD
	sopp(e)	n	sop	W7/ASD
	sūcan/sūgan	vb.str	to suck	RPN/ASD
	sūpan/suppan	vb.str	to sup, sip, taste, swallow	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	sippen	vb	to sip	W7
	soken	vb	to soak	W7
	soppe	n	sop	W7
	souken	vb	to suck	W7
	soupen	vb	to sip, sup	W7
	suppen	vb	to sup	W7
English:	hyetal	adj	re: rain, rainy region	AHD
	isohyet	n	line on map/chart separating different rainfall areas	AHD/W7
	prosciutto	n	aged dry-cured spiced ham	AHD
	sip	vb	to take small drink/draft	AHD/W7
	soak	vb	to steep in liquid	AHD/W7
	soggy	adj	wet, soaked, sodden, waterlogged	W7
	So(l)math	prop.n	Shire calendar's February in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	sop	n	food dipped/steeped in liquid	AHD/W7
	sopaipilla	n	crisp puffy deep-fried pastry	AHD
	soup	n	liquid food	AHD/W7
	soup	vb.trans	to increase power/efficiency of	AHD/W7
	succulent	adj	juicy, full of juice	AHD/W7
	suck	vb	to draw (liquid) into mouth	AHD/W7
	suckle	vb	to nurse, give suck	W7
	suction	n	sucking	AHD/W7
	suctorial	adj	adapted for sucking	AHD/W7
	sup	vb	to take/drink in gulps/swallows	AHD/W7
	sup	vb.intrans	to eat supper	AHD/W7
	supper	n	dinner, evening meal	LRC
W-Germanic
Dutch:	zuigen	vb	to suck	LRC
	zuipen	vb	to sup, drink, quaff	ASD
Middle Low German:	sane	n	cream	LRC
Low German:	sippen	vb	to sip	W7
Old High German:	sol	n	mire	ASD
	sou	n.neut	juice; drug, potion	ASD
	sūfan	vb	to sup, sip, drink, gulp down	RPN
	sūgan	vb	to suck	RPN
German:	Sahne	n.fem	cream	LRC
	saufen	vb	to sup, drink	ASD
	säugen	vb	to suckle	TLL
	saugen	vb	to suck, absorb	LRC
	süffeln	vb	to sip	LRC
	Suppe	n.fem	soup	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	soppa	n	sop, soup	W7
Old Icelandic:	súga	vb	to suck	RPN
	súpa	vb	to sup, sip, drink	RPN
Icelandic:	saggi	n.masc	moistness	ASD
	s(j)ūga	vb	to suck	ASD
	soppa	n	sop	ASD
	söggr	adj	dank, soggy	ASD
Danish:	suge	vb	to suck	LRC
Swedish:	suga	vb	to suck	LRC
Italic
Latin:	sagīmen	n	fat, lard	LRC
	sagīna	n.fem	fat, stuffing, fattening	CLD
	suculentus	vb.ptc	succulent	W7
	sūcus	n.masc	sap, juice	RPN
	sūgō, sūgere	vb	to suck	RPN
Late Latin:	suctio, suctionis	n.fem	suction	W7
New Latin:	suctorius	adj	suctorial	W7
Old French:	saim	n	fat	LRC
	sain	n	fat	LRC
	soupe	n.fem	sop, soup	W7
	souper	n.masc	supper	W7
Italian:	prosciutto	n	prosciutto	AHD
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	sъsǫ, sъsati	vb	to suck	RPN
Albanian
Albanian:	shí	n.masc	rain	IEW
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ὑετός	n	rain, shower	LRC
	ʽύω	vb	to rain	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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