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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: (s)kamb-, and (s)kemb- 'to bend, curve, hump'

Semantic Field: to Bend

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	camm	adj	crooked	W7
English
Middle English:	changen	vb	to change	W7
	entrechaungen	vb	to interchange	W7
	exchaunge	n	exchange	W7
English:	cambium	n	thin formative layer between.xylem/phloem of vascular plants	AHD/W7
	change	n	difference, alteration, transformation, modification	W7
	change	vb	to modify, make different	AHD/W7
	exchange	n	trade, giving/taking one thing for another	AHD/W7
	exchange	vb	to swap, trade, barter, give and take	W7
	hump	n	bump, rounded protuberance	AHD/W7
	hump	vb	to hunch, assume bent/crooked posture	W7
	interchange	vb	to put each in place of another	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Low German:	hump	n	hump	W7
Italic
Latin:	cambio, cambiāre	vb	to exchange	W7
	incumbo, incumbere	vb	to lie down	W7
Vulgar Latin:	excambio, excambiāre	vb	to exchange	W7
Medieval Latin:	cambium	n.neut	exchange	W7
New Latin:	cambium	n.neut	part of vascular plant producing new cells	W7
Spanish:	cambio	n.masc	change, exchange	TLL
Old French:	changier	vb	to change, exchange	W7
	entrechangier	vb	to exchange, interchange	W7
Middle French:	eschange	n.masc	exchange	W7
	eschangier	vb	to exchange	W7
French:	change	n	change	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	kymbē	n.fem	bowl	W7
	skambos	adj	crooked	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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