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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: skeub-, skeubh-, skeug- 'to shove, move, shoot, throw'

Semantic Fields: to Move; to Throw

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	sc(e)oh	adj	shy	IEW/ASD
	sc(e)op	n.masc	scop	W7/ASD
	scofl	n.fem	shovel	W7
	scūfan/scēufan/scēofan	vb.str	to shove, thrust away	W7/ASD
	scyhhan	vb	to scare, frighten away	IEW
Middle English:	schey	adj	shy	W7
	scof	n	scoff	W7
	shovel	n	shovel	W7
	shoven	vb	to shove	W7
English:	scoff	n	gibe, expression of scorn/contempt/derision	AHD/W7
	scop	n	bard, poet	AHD/W7
	scuff	vb	to shuffle, walk without lifting feet	AHD/W7
	scuffle	vb.intrans	to struggle close together with disorder/confusion	AHD/W7
	shove	vb	to push along	AHD/W7
	shovel	n	broad scoop/blade with handle to lift/throw material	AHD/W7
	shovel	vb	to dig/lift/throw with shovel	W7
	shuffle	vb	to jumble, mix in confused mass	AHD/W7
	shy	adj	timid, fearful	IEW
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	skof	n	scoff, mockery	W7
	skūva	vb	to shove, thrust	ASD
Dutch:	schoffel	n.fem	shovel	ASD
	schop	n	shovel	TLL
Old High German:	sc(h)of	n	scop	W7/ASD
	scioban/sciuban	vb	to shove, push	W7/ASD
	sciuhen	vb	to scare, frighten away	W7
	scūfla/scūvala	n	shovel	W7/ASD
German:	Schaufel	n.fem	shovel	ASD
	schaufeln	vb	to shovel	LRC
	scheuchen	vb	to scare, frighten away	IEW
	schieben	vb	to shove, push	LRC
	Schub	n.masc	shove, push, thrust	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	skop	n	railing, mocking	ASD
	skýfa	vb.wk	to shove, drive, push	ASD
Danish:	skof	n	scoff, jest	W7
	skovl	n	shovel	TLL
Swedish:	skuffa	vb	to shove, push	W7
	skyffel	n	shovel	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*af-skiuban	vb	to shove/push away	GED
	skiuban	vb	to shove, thrust	ASD
Slavic
Old Slavic:	skubati	vb	to tear	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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